Tai Lü language

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"Lue language" redirects here. For Bantu Lue of Cameroon, see Oroko language.
Tai Lü
ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ
Kam Tai Lue
Native to Mainly: China. Others: Burma, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
Region Yunnan, China
Ethnicity Lu
Native speakers
 550,000 (2000–2013)[1]
Tai–Kadai
Tai Tham alphabet, Thai alphabet, New Tai Lue alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3 khb
Glottolog luuu1242[2]

Tai Lü (Tai Lü: ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ, kam tai lue, [kâm.tâj.lɯ̀]) or Tai Lɯ, Tai Lue, Thai Lue, Tai Le; Xishuangbanna Dai (Chinese: 傣仂语; pinyin: Dǎilèyǔ; Thai: ภาษาไทลื้อ, phasa thai lue, pronounced [pʰāː.sǎː.tʰāj.lɯ́ː]; Vietnamese: Lự or Lữ) is a Tai language of the Lu people, spoken by about 700,000 people in Southeast Asia. This includes 280,000 people in China (Yunnan), 200,000 in Burma, 134,000 in Laos, 83,000 in Thailand, and 4,960 in Vietnam.[3] The language is similar to other Tai languages and is closely related to Kham Mueang or Tai Yuan, which is also known as Northern Thai language. In Yunnan, it is spoken in all of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, as well as Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County in Pu'er City.

In Vietnam, Tai Lü speakers are officially recognised as the Lự ethnic minority, although in China they are classified as part of the Dai people, along with speakers of the other Tai languages apart from Zhuang.

Phonology

Tai Lü has 21 syllable-initial consonants, 91 syllable finals and six tones (three different tones in checked syllables, six in syllables).

Consonants

Initials

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal [m] [n] [ŋ]
Plosive tenuis [p] [t] [k] [ʔ]
aspirated [pʰ] [tʰ]
voiced [b] [d]
labialized [kʷ]
Affricate [ts]
Fricative voiceless [f] [s] [x] [h]
voiced [v]
labialized [xʷ]
Approximant [l] [j]

The initials ts- and s- are palatalised before front vowels which in the language are i, e, and ɛ and become tɕ- and ɕ-, respectively. For example, /tsíŋ/ "hard" and /si᷄p/ "ten" are pronounced as [tɕiŋ˥] and [ɕip˧˥] respectively.

Finals

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal [m] [n] [ŋ]
Plosive [p] [t] [k] [ʔ]
Approximant [w] [j]

Vowels

Front Central-Back Back
/i/ /ɨ/~/ɯ/ /u/
/e/ /ə/~/ɤ/ /o/
/ɛ/ /a/
/aː/		 /ɔ/

Tones

Contrastive tones in unchecked syllables

The table below presents six phonemic tones in unchecked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in sonorant sounds such as [m], [n], [ŋ], [w], and [j] and open syllables. There are six tones for unchecked syllables, although only three are allowed in checked syllables (those ending with -p, -t or -k).

Description Contour Transcription Example New Tai Lue script Meaning
high 55 á /ká/ ᦂᦱ crow
high rising 35 a᷄ /ka᷄/ ᦂᦱᧈ to go
low rising 13 a᷅ /ka᷅/ ᦂᦱᧉ rice shoots
falling 51 â /kâ/ ᦅᦱ to be stuck
mid 33 a (not marked) /ka/ ᦅᦱᧈ price
low 11 à /kà/ ᦅᦱᧉ to do business

Contrastive tones in checked syllables

The table below presents two phonemic tones in checked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in a glottal stop [ʔ] and obstruent sounds which are [p], [t], and [k].

Tone Example Phonemic gloss
high-risinɡ ᦜᧅ /la᷄k/ post
mid ᦟᧅ /lāk/ steal
high-risinɡ ᦜᦱᧅ /la᷄ːk/ differ from others
mid ᦟᦱᧅ /lāːk/ draɡ, pull

Grammar

Word order is usually subject–verb–object; modifiers (e.g. adjectives) follow nouns.

Vocabulary

As in Thai and Lao, Tai Lü has borrowed many Sanskrit and Pali words and affixes. Among the Tai languages in general, Tai Lü has limited intelligibility with Shan and Tai Nua and shares much vocabulary with, the other Southwestern Tai languages. Tai Lü has 95% lexical similarity with Northern Thai (Lanna), 86% with Central Thai, 93% with Shan, and 95% with Khun.[1]

Below, Thai words are shown on the left and Tai Lü language words, written in Thai script, are shown on the right.

Different words

Many words differ from Thai greatly:

  • ยี่สิบ → ซ่าว (/jîː sìp/ → /sâːw/, twenty)
  • พูด → อู๋ (/pʰûːt/ → /ʔu᷅ː/, to speak)
  • พี่ชาย → อ๋าย (/pʰîː tɕʰaːj/ → /ʔa᷅ːj/, older brother)

Similar words

Some words differ in tone only:

  • หนึ่ง → นึง (/nɯŋ/, one)
  • หก → ฮก (/hók/, six)
  • เจ็ด → เจ๊ด (/tɕét/, seven)
  • สิบ → ซิบ (/síp/, ten)
  • กิน → กิ๊น (/kín/, to eat)

Some words differ in a single sound and associated tone. In many words, the initial ร (/r/) in Thai is ฮ (/h/) in Tai Lü, as is also the case in Lao and Tai Yuan:

  • ร้อน → ห่อน (/rɔ́n/ → /hɔ̀n/, hot)
  • รัก → หัก (/rák/ → /hak/, to love)
  • รู้ → หู่ (/rúː/ → /hùː/, to know)

Aspirated consonants in the low-class consonant group(อักษรต่ำ /ʔàk sɔ̌n tàm/) become unaspirated:

  • เชียงราย → เจ้งฮ่าย (/tɕʰiaŋ raːj/ → /tɕêŋ hâːj/, Chiang Rai city and province)
  • คิด → กึด (/kʰít/ → /kɯt/, to think)
  • พ่อ → ปอ (/pʰɔ̂/ → /pɔ/, father)
  • ทาง → ต้าง (/tʰaːŋ/ → /tâːŋ/, way)

(Note that the vowels also differ greatly between Tai Lü and Thai in many words, even though they are etymologically related and share the same root.)

Though many aspirated consonants often become unaspirated, when an unaspirated consonant is followed by ร (/r/) the unaspirated consonant becomes aspirated:

  • ประเทศ → ผะเตด (/praʔtʰêːt/ → /pʰaʔtêːt/, country)

Other differences:

  • ให้ → หือ (/hâj/ → /hɯ᷅/, to give, let)

Numbers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
nɯŋ sɔ́ŋ sám si᷄ː ha᷅ː hók tɕét pɛ᷄t ka᷅w síp hɔ̀i mɯ᷄n sɛ́n làn

Writing systems

Tai Lü is written in two different alphabets. The old writing system was reformed in the 1950s, but is still in use and has recently regained government support. The new alphabet is a simplified version of the old script.

Old Tai Lü

Readable by the most people and used in Burma, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam.

New Tai Lü

China Post logo with New Tai Lü script in Mohan, Yunnan.

New Tai Lü is a modernisation of the Lanna alphabet (also known as Tai Tham script), similar to the Thai alphabet, and consists of 42 initial consonant signs (21 high-tone class, 21 low-tone class), seven final consonant signs, 16 vowel signs, two tone letters and one vowel shortening letter (or syllable-final glottal stop). Vowels signs can be placed before or after the syllable initial consonant.

Similar to the Thai alphabet, the pronunciation of the tone of a syllable depends on the class the initial consonant belongs to, syllable structure and vowel length, and the tone mark.

Unicode range ("New Tai Lue"): U+1980 – U+19DF

Related varieties

The Bajia people (八甲人), who number 1,106 individuals in Mengkang Village (勐康村), Meng'a Town (勐阿镇), Menghai County, Yunnan, speak a language closely related to Tai Lü.[4] There are 225 Bajia people living in Jingbo Township 景播乡, Menghai County (You 2013:270).[5] The Bajia are also known as the Chinese Dai 汉傣.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tai Lü at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=khb
  4. ↑ http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E7%94%B2%E8%AF%AD
  5. ↑ You Weiqiong [尤伟琼]. 2013. Classifying ethnic groups of Yunnan [云南民族识别研究]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社].
  • Dāo Shìxūn 刀世勋: Dǎi-Hàn cídiǎn 傣汉词典 (Dai–Chinese Dictionary; Kunming, Yúnnán mínzú chūbǎnshè 云南民族出版社 2002). This is a dictionary of Tai Lü in unreformed spelling.
  • Yu Cuirong (喻翠荣), Luo Meizhen (罗美珍): Daile-Han cidian 傣仂汉词典 (Tai Lü - Chinese Dictionary; Beijing, Minzu chubanshe 2004).
  • Hanna, William J: Dai Lue-English Dictionary ; Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. 2012. ISBN 978-6162150319

External links

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