Starina Novak

For Baba Novac village in Satu Mare County, Romania, see Ardud.

Starina Novak
File:Старина Новак (рођен је око 1520. године).jpg
Nickname(s)	Baba Novak
Born	~1530 Poreč, Ottoman Empire (today Donji Milanovac, Serbia)
Died	1601 Kolozsvár, Principality of Transylvania (today Cluj-Napoca, Romania)
Allegiance	Hajduks, Serbia, Wallachia
Years of service	153x-1601
Rank	Captain
Unit	Hajduk unit of Michael the Brave

Starina Novak (Serbian: Старинa Новак, Romanian: Baba Novac, meaning "Old Novak") was a Serb hajduk (brigand and rebel) who distinguished himself in many battles against the Ottoman Empire. He is considered a national hero by both the Serbs and the Romanians.

Early life

Novak was born in c. 1530 in the village of Poreč, on an island on the Danube, at the time part of the Ottoman Empire (today Donji Milanovac, Serbia). He descended from a noble family that had built several fortresses for the defence of the Sokobanja Valley against the Ottomans. He studied at the monastery of Poreč and was fluent in both Serbian and Old Slavonic. He also spoke Romanian and Greek.

Military career

He began his career as a hajduk at an early age after he was imprisoned and beaten by Turks, losing all his teeth (hence the name Old Novak) that led him to leave his birthplace and take refuge in the forests of Timočka Krajina where he quickly learned the use of weapons and military from a hajduk harambaša (commander). He soon formed his own četa (hajduk band) and started a violent fight against the Ottomans. His strong personality and military prowess made him a man of many followers and his guerrillas became a strong fighting force.

The oldest mention of Novak is from 1595, when he was mentioned in the forces of Wallachian Duke Michael the Brave. Novak joined the forces of Michael in the region of Banat, and received the rank of captain with 2,000 Serbian hajduks (brigands) under his command, set to liberate the Wallachian lands. His forces participated in the seizure of Călugăreni, liberated Târgovişte, Bucharest and Giurgiu in October 1595. His forces were part of the attack on Bulgarian Sofia which earned him great reputation after he and his 700 soldiers tricked the Turks by changing route through the Balkan mountains and successfully surprise-attacked the Turkish forces only leaving behind 8 of his soldiers and capturing vast amounts of livestock and supplies from the Ottomans. He liberated Plevna with 1,500 soldiers. In 1598, his sizable forces, composed primarily of Serbs but also some Bulgarians, met the remaining forces of Michael the Brave, amounting to a total of 16,000 armed men. They liberated Plevna, Rahovo, Vratsa, Vidin and Florentin, after which the Serbs and Bulgarians of the cities gathered with the forces and had a feast. In Ploeşti, 1599, the forces of 50,000+ under Bordj Mako gathered with the forces of Novak in a square with 5-6 rows in the center before the taking of Sibiu. In 1600 his forces were deployed in Banat and was later given the instructions of liberating all lands to the south, also part of the uprisings in Mirăslău and the near towns. He followed Mihai to Vienna in December 1600.

He wanted to hand over the fortresses of Lugos and Karánsebes to the Turks, but his intention was unveiled in time. For this he was accused of treason by ally-turned-rival Giorgio Basta and was sent to the Hungarian authorities in Cluj (Kolozsvár), sentenced to burning. On 5 February 1601 the execution took place, gypsies prepared the fire that would be the end of Novak two of Mihai's captains, Joan Celeste and Savi Armašulu, and some Saxon priests. After being burnt alive for 1,5 hours (water was tossed at the bodies for slower death) the bodies were impaled and crows were eating from the corpses. Mihai was unaware of the execution and heard of it when passing Cluj in early August 1601; he raised a flag on the site of the execution. Giorgio Basta then ordered the assassination of Mihai, which took place near Câmpia Turzii on 9 August 1601.

Epic poetry

Starina Novak is venerated as a hero in the Serbian epic poetry, as the central figure in poems such as Starina Novak i knez Bogosav, Starina Novak i deli Radivoje, and others. Some poems confuse Starina Novak with an older military commander, Novak Debelić, a nobleman from the 15th century; thus, the character of Starina Novak in epic poetry could be said to include two individuals.

Legacy

Streets in Cluj-Napoca, Bucharest, Brasov and Belgrade are named after him.

The song Baba Novak by the Romanian band Transsylvania Phoenix is about him.

See also

• Jovan Nenad, self-styled Emperor in Vojvodina (1527)
• Bishop Teodor, Orthodox bishop and leader of the Banat Uprising (1594)