Star (football badge)

Juventus first popularised the star.

In association football, some national and club sides include one or more stars as part of (or beside) the badge (often referred to as a "crest") appearing on their shirt, to represent important trophies the team has previously won. Often this is a unilateral decision by a team itself, rather than a specific privilege earned or sanctioned by any governing body and as such, the relevance of these stars on a club's shirt is somewhat tenuous.

Standardised significance

Club

The scudetto (Italian for "little shield") was the source of inspiration for the adding of stars.

The first team in association football history to adopt a star was Juventus, who added one above their badge in 1958 to represent their tenth Italian Football Championship and Serie A title, at the time, the new national record. This was an extension of the existing convention by which the reigning champions are entitled to display the scudetto on their shirts for the following season. The star was later formally adopted by some organisations as a symbol for ten titles.

Juventus added a third star following their 30th league title in 2011–12, but removed them all following a dispute with the Italian Football Federation, who stripped Juventus of their 2004–05 and 2005–06 titles due to their involvement in a 2006 Italian football scandal, leaving their official total at 28. Juventus have since won their 30th title in 2013–14 and thus earned the right to wear their third star, club president Andrea Agnelli stated that the club has suspended use of the stars until another team wins their 20th championship, thus having the right to wear two stars, "to emphasise Juventus' superiority".

In Turkey, one star represents five league trophies; hence Galatasaray S.K. wear four stars.

The Turkish league introduced a similar scheme in 2000, with one star per five titles.

Rangers wear 5 stars to represent the 50 league championships they have amassed.

In 2003, Rangers F.C. displayed five stars above the badge on their shirts to symbolise their 50 league titles.

Football in Germany has two official star systems operating in parallel. In 2004, the DFL, which governs the Bundesliga (the top 2 divisions), introduced Verdiente Meistervereine (roughly "distinguished champion clubs"). This has a sliding scale of 1, 2, 3, and 4 stars for 3, 5, 10, and 20 titles. It includes only Bundesliga titles, excluding titles from before the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963, and from the former East German League. Dynamo Berlin (playing in the fourth level) unilaterally began wearing three unapproved stars for its East German titles. In November 2005, the DFB, which governs non-Bundesliga football, allowed former champions playing outside the Bundesliga to display a single star inscribed with the number of titles. In 2007, Dynamo Berlin switched to a single approved star inscribed with the number 10. Greuther Fürth retains three silver stars on its club logo, but not on it shirts.

Major League Soccer's previously informal system, one star per MLS Cup title, was standardised in 2006, with the defending champions wearing the MLS Scudetto, like the Serie A system, for one season before adding a new star. Starting in 2012, the Scudetto was replaced with a single gold star worn above any other silver championship stars.

In Norway a team will display a star for every 10 titles in Tippeligaen. Rosenborg is the only team with more than 10 titles. Since 2006, all Swedish football clubs that have won ten or more Swedish championships have added a star above their badge. The same system has applied in the Dutch Eredivisie from the 2007–08 season onwards. This innovation was suggested by PSV, after the club won its twentieth title in 2007. Ajax currently have the right to wear three stars since they have won the league more than 30 times. PSV have the right to wear two stars with their 21 league titles, while Feyenoord and HVV Den Haag can add one for their 14 and 10 titles, respectively. HVV won all titles before 1915 and is currently playing in the fourth level of the Dutch league system. In Malta, Floriana, Valletta and Sliema Wanderers boast 2 Golden Stars on their badges having won 25, 20 and 26 titles, respectively, while Hibernians have one star thanks to their 10 titles. No other team in the Maltese League has the golden star on their badge.

The Tampa Bay Rowdies added a star in recognition of a title won by a former club with the same name. They have since added another star after the new club won a league championship of its own.

Occasionally, stars are added to badges of successor or phoenix clubs for the achievements of defunct predecessors. An example of this is the Tampa Bay Rowdies. They added a star to represent the Soccer Bowl, the championship of the original NASL, won by the original Tampa Bay Rowdies in 1975. The club has since added a second star, after the new club won the 2012 edition of the resurrected Soccer Bowl in the new NASL. This approach is atypical: neither the Montreal Impact nor the Seattle Sounders FC franchises retained the stars worn by the old clubs when they joined the MLS. In the case of the Impact, the new team paid tribute to the former team's first title through the stripes on their badge.

As well as predecessor clubs, victories in the national leagues of defunct countries have also been represented by stars. FC Dynamo Kyiv have two stars, commemorating championships won in the Soviet and Ukrainian football league systems. The same is true of Belgrade clubs Partizan and Red Star who have won titles in Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro and present-day Serbia, while Spartak Moscow's stars refer to their Soviet Top League and Russian Football Premier League achievements.

The star has given rise to a byword to winning trophies. An example of this was when Fawaz Al-Hasawi, owner of Nottingham Forest, was quoted as saying "maybe [Nottingham Forest] will have a third star".

International

The first international team to add stars was Brazil. Their badge now features five stars.

Brazil added three stars above their badge after winning their third World Cup in 1970. Italy did likewise in 1982. Germany added three in 1996, one in each of the German flag's colours. All world champions have since followed suit. Brazil and Italy have since added more stars, after they won later tournaments (cf. 1994, 2002, 2006), while Germany are the most recent nation to add a star, commemorating their 2014 triumph mere hours after victory in the Final.

Uruguay display four stars, regarding their triumphs in the 1924 and 1928 Olympics as equivalent to their later World Cup wins, as there was no World Cup at the time. Eurosport claim that FIFA only recognises the two World Cup wins, while the Daily Mail state that "when FIFA revised its constitution in 1950, they formally recognised that Uruguay were four-time world champions"

In the equipment regulations for FIFA competitions, section 18.2 states "Those Member Associations that have won the FIFA World Cup may put a symbol on the playing shirt representing this accomplishment and the number of times won." The form of symbol is not specified, although the accompanying illustrative example depicts a gold star.

Ad hoc adoptions

More recently, club teams have added stars either upon winning a landmark trophy, or in response to a rival team's having added stars. In the Romanian first league, Steaua uses 2 stars above their logo since they won their 20th title. Since then Dinamo added a star for the 18 championships they won. Manchester United sported a star in their UEFA Champions League matches on their special European home kit between 1997 and 1999. To celebrate their second victory that year, they added an extra star to that kit for the 1999–00 season. Liverpool likewise wore four stars in 2001–02, their first campaign in the competition since the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985. They wore five stars in the competition in 2005–06 after their fifth victory. Instead of stars, UEFA introduced a multiple winner badge in 2000–01 season, currently worn by five teams who have won the Champions League either five times or more in total, or three times in a row.

Using stars to represent trophy wins has spread to other sports: rugby union club Toulon are an example of this.

Occasionally, stars are temporarily added for one season, usually to commemorative kits to celebrate the anniversary of a particular event in the club's history. Burnley sported two stars on their 2006–07 shirt, for the club's 125th anniversary, to celebrate their two league titles in 1921 and 1960. Likewise Bury in 2009–10, also for their 125th anniversary, commemorating their 1900 and 1903 FA Cup triumphs. Bury have since revived the stars, from 2011–12, after a season's absence. Commemorating anniversaries in this way is not confined to English clubs: Peruvian side Universitario celebrated their 90th anniversary by adding 26 stars to their kits worn home and away. This is not a practice limited to clubs, as in 2004, Denmark wore a star on their shirts specially for Euro 2004, to commemorate their victory in the competition in 1992.

In women's football, the emerging ad hoc standard is to wear stars on the sleeve instead of above the badge. Two of the four teams that have won the FIFA Women's World Cup to date — Norway and Germany — use this practice, as did three-time Women's World Cup winners, the USA, until moving the stars to the back collar in 2007. The United States has returned its two stars to above the badge on their new uniforms for the 2011 Women's World Cup, and have added a third since their 2015 World Cup Championship.

The practice of using stars to signify major titles has spread to other football codes, and to unrelated sports. For example, in rugby union, Toulon added a star above its badge after winning the Heineken Cup in 2013, and added a second star immediately after winning the same competition in 2014 and a third after winning the inaugural European Rugby Champions Cup in 2015. In basketball, the men's team of Indiana University Bloomington added five stars to its shorts, representing its five NCAA championships, for the 2015 NCAA tournament, and made the stars at that location a permanent fixture for the 2015–16 season.

List

Excluding the temporary stars, the following teams have chosen to add stars to their shirts:

National teams

Men

Intercontinental

National Team	Title(s) represented	First worn	Number of stars	Notes
Brazil	World Cup	1971	5	Third win was in 1970; fourth and fifth stars added after 1994 and 2002 wins. Briefly wore 2 stars on a tour of Europe in 1968.
Italy	World Cup	1982	4	Added after third win; fourth star added after the 2006 win. Incorporated into the badge since 2006.
Germany	World Cup	1996	4	Stars first added during Euro 1996 qualification, representing wins in 1954, 1974 and 1990. Worn above the badge. Fourth win was in 2014.
Uruguay	World Cup and Olympics	1930	4	Represent 2 World Cups (1930 & 1950) and 2 Olympic football titles (1924 & 1928) recognized de facto as FIFA World Championships.
Argentina	World Cup	2003	2	1978, Second win was in 1986.
England	World Cup	2003	1	Title won in 1966. Star added after a campaign on Sky Sports' Soccer AM programme, first worn on the sleeve.
France	World Cup	1998	1	Title won in 1998. Star added above their badge which was unveiled at their opening qualifying game for Euro 2000
Spain	World Cup	2010	1	Title won in 2010. Spain played in their away kit for the final, but upon winning the World Cup they changed into their home kit, complete with a star above the badge, for the presentation ceremony.

Continental

National Team	Title(s) represented	First worn	Number of stars	Notes
Egypt	Africa Cup of Nations	1986	7	Fifth star added after the 2006 African Cup victory. A sixth is due for the 2008 African Cup victory. A seventh is due for the 2010 African Cup victory
Cameroon	Africa Cup of Nations	2008	4	1984, 1988, 2000, Fourth win was in 2002.
Ghana	Africa Cup of Nations	2008	4	1963, 1965, 1978, Fourth win was in 1982.
Japan	Asian Cup	2011	4	1992, 2000, 2004, Fourth win was in 2011. For commemorative jerseys only.
DR Congo	Africa Cup of Nations	2002	2	1968, Second win was in 1974
Tunisia	Africa Cup of Nations	2004	1	Title won in 2004.
Ivory Coast	Africa Cup of Nations	1992	1	Title won in 1992.
Zambia	Africa Cup of Nations	2012	1	Title won in 2012. To be worn from 2012 onwards.

Women

National Team	Title(s) represented	First worn	Number of stars	Notes
United States	Women's World Cup	1991	3	Worn on the chest, worn on the back collar between 2007 and 2011 and until early 2007 worn on the sleeve. Second star added 1999. Third star added 2015
Germany	Women's World Cup	2003	2	Until 2003 the three stars of the men's team had been worn. Second star added for their 2007 victory.
Norway	Women's World Cup	1995	1	Worn on the chest, Worn on the sleeve until 2015.
Japan	Women's World Cup	2011	1

Note: Some women teams, like France, Italy or Brazil, wear the men's stars on their jersey.

Club teams

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

AFC

Club Team	Country	Title(s) represented	Number of stars	Notes
Western Sydney Wanderers	Australia	A-League	1	Gold star for winning the 2014 AFC Champions League
Melbourne Victory	Australia	A-League	1	Silver star for winning the A-League
Brisbane Roar	Australia	A-League	1	Silver star for winning the A-League
Sydney FC	Australia	A-League	1	Silver star for winning the A-League
Central Coast Mariners	Australia	A-League	1	Silver star for winning the A-League
Newcastle Jets	Australia	A-League	1	Silver star for winning the A-League
Dalian Shide	China PR	Chinese Jia-A League, Chinese Super League	8	One title per star.
Guangzhou Evergrande	China PR	Chinese Super League	5	One title per star. Although they won the AFC Champions League in 2013, they have not added a star for that title.
Shandong Luneng	China PR	Chinese Jia-A League, Chinese Super League	4	One title per star.
Shenzhen Ruby	China PR	Chinese Super League	1	One title per star.
Changchun Yatai	China PR	Chinese Super League	1	One title per star.
Beijing Guoan	China PR	Chinese Super League	1	One title per star.
Shanghai Shenhua	China PR	Chinese Jia-A League	1	One title per star.
Persija Jakarta	Indonesia	Perserikatan and Liga Indonesia Premier Division	1	Nine Perserikatan titles and one Premier Division title in 2001.
Esteghlal FC	Iran	AFC Champions League	2	A star for each AFC Champions League triumph.
PAS Tehran	Iran	AFC Champions League	1	For their AFC Champions League triumph.
Gamba Osaka	Japan	AFC Champions League, J1 League, Emperor's Cup, J. League Cup	8	A star for each major title. 1 AFC Champions League title, 2 J1 League titles, 3 Emperor's Cups and 2 J.League Cups. Only 1 (for AFC Champions League) worn in continental competition.
Kashima Antlers	Japan	J1 League, J. League Cup, Emperor's Cup	6 (1 + 5)	As the most successful Japanese football club, with 15 titles won, Kashima has 1 golden star above the badge (for the first 10 titles) and 5 stars on the left sleeve (for the subsequent 5 titles). Kashima has won the J1 League a record 7 times, the J. League Cup a record 4 times and the Emperor's Cup 4 times.
Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma	Korea Republic	K League Classic	7	One title per star.
Busan IPark	Korea Republic	K League Classic	4	One title per star.
Pohang Steelers	Korea Republic	K League Classic	4	One title per star.
Suwon Samsung Bluewings	Korea Republic	K League Classic	4	One title per star.
Ulsan Hyundai	Korea Republic	K League Classic	2	One title per star.
Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors	Korea Republic	K League Classic	2	One title per star.
Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dolphin	Korea Republic	Korea National League	3	One title per star.
Goyang KB	Korea Republic	Korea National League	3	One title per star.
Gangneung City	Korea Republic	Korea National League	1	One title per star.
Suwon City	Korea Republic	Korea National League	1	One title per star.
Incheon Korail	Korea Republic	Korea National League	1	One title per star.
Gyeongju Citizen	Korea Republic	K3 League	2	One title per star.
Seoul United	Korea Republic	K3 League	1	One title per star.
Yangju Citizen	Korea Republic	K3 League	1	One title per star.
FC Pocheon	Korea Republic	K3 League	1	One title per star.
Kelantan FA	Malaysia	Malaysian Super League	2	One title per star. Kelantan FA had won the MSL in 2011 & 2012.
Al-Ain FC	UAE	UAE Pro-League	1	For winning 1 AFC Champions League
Kuwait SC	KUW	VIVA Premier League	3	For winning 3 AFC Cup's although people don't recognize the club having 3 stars since it's not top flight trophy as the AFC Champions League

CAF

Club Team	Country	Title(s) represented	Number of stars	Notes
JS Kabylie	Algeria	various African titles	6	2 CAF Champions League (1981, 1990), 3 CAF Cups (2000, 2001, 2002), one African Cup Winners' Cup (1995).
ES Sétif	Algeria	CAF Champions League	1	Title won in 1988.
MC Alger	Algeria	CAF Champions League	1	Title won in 1976.
Canon Yaoundé	Cameroon	CAF Champions League	3	3 CAF Champions League (1971, 1978, 1980).
Union Douala	Cameroon	CAF Champions League	2 (1 + 1)	1 CAF Champions League (1979), and 1 African Cup Winners' Cup (1981)
TP Mazembe	Democratic Republic of the Congo	CAF Champions League, Linafoot	5 (4 + 1)	Represents 10 titles and 4 CAF Champions League (1967, 1968, 2009, 2010)
AS Vita Club	Democratic Republic of the Congo	CAF Champions League	1	Title won in 1973.
Al-Ahly SC	Egypt	Egyptian League	3	3 stars, one for every 10th championship win in Egyptian Premier League on top of crest (36 total).
Zamalek	Egypt	Egyptian League	1	Star for every 10th championship win in Egyptian Premier League.
Hafia FC	Guinea	CAF Champions League	3	3 CAF Champions League (1972, 1975, 1977).
ASEC Mimosas	Ivory Coast	CAF Champions League	1	Title won in 1998.
Stade d'Abidjan	Ivory Coast	CAF Champions League	1	Title won in 1966.
Gor Mahia F.C.	Kenya	African Cup Winners' Cup	1	Title won in 1987.
Al-Ittihad	Libya	Libyan Premier League	1	Awarded star after winning 10th Libyan Premier League title in 2002–03.
Raja Casablanca	Morocco	CAF Champions League, Botola	4 (1 + 3)	Represents 10 titles, and 3 CAF Champions League (1989, 1997, 1999).
FAR Rabat	Morocco	Botola	1	Represents 10 titles.
Wydad Casablanca	Morocco	Botola	1	Represents 10 titles.
Enyimba	Nigeria	CAF Champions League	2	2 CAF Champions League (2003, 2004).
CARA Brazzaville	Republic of the Congo	CAF Champions League	1	Title won in 1974.
Orlando Pirates	South Africa	CAF Champions League	1	Title won in 1995.
ES Tunis	Tunisia	Tunisian Ligue	2	Represents 20 titles.
Club Africain	Tunisia	Tunisian Ligue	1	Represents 10 titles.
ES Sahel	Tunisia	CAF Champions League	1	1 CAF Champions League (2007).

Notes

CONCACAF

Club Team	Country	Title(s) represented	Number of stars	Notes
Montreal Impact	Canada	USL First Division, A-League, American Professional Soccer League	3	Each star represents a league championship from 1994, 2004 and 2009. 2 stars were worn after the second league title in 2004 and a third star was added after their third title in 2009. The stars were removed when they joined Major League Soccer for the 2012 season; the four stars on the 2012 Impact logo do not represent championships, but instead the four founding communities of Montreal represented on the city's coat of arms.
Vancouver Whitecaps	Canada	USL First Division, North American Soccer League	3	2 stars are worn for their 2 championships in the USL First Division (2006, 2008) and one for the Vancouver Whitecaps (NASL) win in the Soccer Bowl of 1979. The stars were removed when they joined Major League Soccer for the 2011 season.
Saprissa	Costa Rica	Costa Rican league	2	Costa Rican most recent champions wear one star for every consecutive national league championship.
Firpo	El Salvador	La Primera	9	Each national title won.
Isidro Metapán	El Salvador	La Primera	6	Each national title won.
América	Mexico	Mexican league	12	One golden star per title, worn on a red stripe on the right sleeve, beginning the 2006-2007 "Apertura" Tournament.
Guadalajara	Mexico	Mexican league	11	One star per title.
Toluca	Mexico	Mexican league	10	One title per star.
Cruz Azul	Mexico	Mexican league	8	One title per star.
Puebla	Mexico	Mexican league and Mexican Cup	6 (2+4)	for 2 league titles; 4 outside for 4 cup titles.
Pachuca	Mexico	Mexican league + Copa Sudamericana	10 (5+5)	One title per star, plus 3 for CONCACAF Champions Cup titles, 1 for CONCACAF Champions League title and star for its title at the Copa Sudamericana.
Necaxa	Mexico	Mexican league	3	One title per star.
Atlante	Mexico	Mexican league	3	One Mexican League title per star.
UANL Tigres	Mexico	Mexican league	3	One title per star; 3 stars inside the badge.
Monterrey	Mexico	Mexican league + CONCACAF Champions League	7 (4+3)	One title per star plus 3 gold star for its title at the CONCACAF Champions League.
Santos Laguna	Mexico	Mexican league	4	One title per star.
Monarcas Morelia	Mexico	Mexican league	1	Title was Apertura 2000.
Tecos UAG	Mexico	Mexican league	1	Title won in 1994.
Atlas	Mexico	Mexican league	1	Title won in 1951.
Tijuana	Mexico	Mexican league	1	Title won in 2012
Real Estelí	Nicaragua	Nicaraguan Primera División	2	First two national championships won by the club (in 1991 and 1999).
Tauro F.C.	Panama	Liga Panameña de Fútbol	1	Represents 10 titles.
Puerto Rico Islanders	Puerto Rico	CFU Club Championship	2	One title per star.
Defence Force F.C.	Trinidad and Tobago	CONCACAF Champions League, CFU Club Championship and TT Pro League.	4 (2+1+1)	Two CONCACAF Champions League titles, One CFU Club Championship and one for at least ten league titles.
LA Galaxy	United States	MLS Cup	5	Titles won in 2002, 2005, 2011, 2012 and 2014.
D.C. United	United States	MLS Cup	4	Titles won in 1996, 1997, 1999, and 2004.
Houston Dynamo	United States	MLS Cup	2	Titles won in 2006 and 2007.
San Jose Earthquakes	United States	MLS Cup	2	Titles won in 2001 and 2003
Sporting Kansas City	United States	MLS Cup	2	Titles won in 2000 (as Kansas City Wizards) and 2013 (as Sporting Kansas City)
Chicago Fire	United States	MLS Cup	1	Title won in 1998.
Columbus Crew	United States	MLS Cup	1	Title won in 2008.
Real Salt Lake	United States	MLS Cup	1	Title won in 2009.
Colorado Rapids	United States	MLS Cup	1	Title won in 2010.
Seattle Sounders	United States	A-League, USL First Division	4	Two of each title achieved: A-League titles in 1995 and 1996, USL-1 champions in 2005 and 2007.
Tampa Bay Rowdies	United States	North American Soccer League championships	2	The team, which began play in 2010 as FC Tampa Bay in the D2 Pro League and now plays in the current North American Soccer League (NASL), added the first star to represent the Soccer Bowl, the championship of the original NASL, won by the original Tampa Bay Rowdies in 1975. A second star was added after the new club won Soccer Bowl 2012.
Minnesota United FC	United States	North American Soccer League championship	1	Title won in 2011.
Rochester Rhinos	United States	A-League, Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup	4	Four titles won in four seasons: their first championship was the A-League in 1998; victory in the 1999 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup followed before the Rhinos picked up successive A-League titles in 2000 and 2001. Four stars were added in 2013.
San Antonio Scorpions FC	United States	North American Soccer League championship	1	Title won in 2014.
Cleveland City Stars	United States	USL Second Division championship	1	Cleveland won the 2008 USL Second Division championship and moved into the USL First Division for 2009, along with the Austin Aztex, to replace the departed Seattle Sounders and Atlanta Silverbacks. The team folded after the 2009 season.
Tulsa Roughnecks FC	United States	North American Soccer League championship	1	The team, which began play in 2015 in the rebranded United Soccer League, added a star to the back of their inaugural kit to represent the original Tulsa Roughnecks' sole Soccer Bowl success, when victory in Soccer Bowl '83 resulted in them being crowned NASL champions.
Akron Zips	United States	NCAA Division I	1	Represents 2010 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship.
Northern Kentucky Norse	United States	NCAA Division I	1	Represents club's 2010 NCAA Division II national championship. The team retained its star even after moving to Division I in 2012.

CONMEBOL

Club Team	Country	Title(s) represented	Number of stars	Notes
Vélez Sársfield	Argentina	Argentine League, Copa Libertadores , and Intercontinental Cup	11 (1+10)	Gold star for 1994 Intercontinental Cup over 10 blue stars for 6 Argentine and 4 international titles.
Estudiantes de La Plata	Argentina	Argentine League, Copa Libertadores , and Intercontinental Cup	11	5 Argentine league titles; 4 Copa Libertadores; 1968 Intercontinental and 1969 Interamerican Cups. An earlier badge had just four stars, for the Libertadores and Intercontinental titles. Tenth star added after Copa Libertadores 2009 victory.
Rosario Central	Argentina	Argentine league and CONMEBOL Cup	5 (4+1)	The middle star, for the CONMEBOL Cup, is larger. The previous badge had 5 blue stars and one larger yellow star; the extra small star was for the unofficial "1974 Argentinian Championship", a qualification playoff for the 1974 Copa Libertadores.
Newell's Old Boys	Argentina	Argentine league	7	One star per title, including one each for the 1990 Apertura and the 1990/91 Apertura/Clausura playoff.
Argentinos Juniors	Argentina	Argentine League, Copa Libertadores , and Interamerican Cup	5	3 Argentine League; 1985 Libertadores and 1986 Interamerican Cup
Boca Juniors	Argentina	Intercontinental Cup	3	Stars above the badge. The badge used 1970–2007 contained a star for each major title won: 30 in 1970, 46 when replaced as being too crowded. In 2007 the club changed its badge to include only 3 stars, one for each Intercontinental Cup and Club world title. Also the kit has a further star at the back of collar inscribed with 47, the current title count.
Quilmes AC	Argentina	Argentine league	2	Amateur title of 1912 and 1978 Metropolitano
Ferro Carril Oeste	Argentina	Argentine league	2	1982 Nacional and 1984 Nacional
Racing Club de Avellaneda	Argentina	Intercontinental Cup	1	Trophy won in 1967; star added for the fortieth anniversary.
Chacarita Juniors	Argentina	Argentine league	1	1969 Metropolitano
Joinville	Brazil	Campeonato Catarinense	12	12 titles won
Americano	Brazil	Campeonato da Cidade de Campos	9	For 9-in-a-row 1967–1975
Vasco da Gama	Brazil	Various Brazilian and South American	8	South American Club Championship 1948; Copa Libertadores 1998; Copa Mercosur 2000; 1974, 1989, 1997 and 2000 Brazilian Championships; unbeaten Campeão de Terra e Mar season in 1945
Palmeiras	Brazil	Campeonato Paulista, Brazilian Championship	8	8 titles won under the name "Palestra Itália" between 1920 and 1940. Others say it commemorates the eighth month (August) of 1914, when the club was founded. Previously wore 4 silver stars, one for each Brazilian championship conquered (1972, 1973, 1993, 1994)
Santa Cruz	Brazil	Pernambucan Championship	8 (3+5)	Club badge has 5 yellow stars for the 5-in-a-row (1969–73) and 3 stars for 3 "super-championships" (black for 1957, white for 1976, red for 1983).
São Raimundo (AM)	Brazil	Copa Norte, Campeonato Amazonense	7 (3 + 4)	3 red stars for Norte 3-in-a-row 1999–2001; 4 silver stars for Amazonas titles
Internacional (Porto Alegre)	Brazil	FIFA Club World Cup, Copa Libertadores, Brazilian Championship, Copa do Brasil	6 (1+5)	Silver star for 2006 World title, 5 gold stars for others, with the Libertadores star larger than the other 4 (3 Championships, 1 Copa).
Goiás EC	Brazil	Brazilian Série B and Goiás State Championship	2	2 silver stars, for the 1999 and 2012 Série B championships.
Náutico	Brazil	Campeonato Pernambucano	6	6-in-a-row won 1963–1968
Corinthians Paulista	Brazil	FIFA Club World Cup, Brazilian Championship	5 (1+4)	Larger star for the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship, above the other 4 stars for 4 Campeonato Brasileiro titles. The stars were removed for the 2011 season onwards.
América do Natal	Brazil	Copa Nordeste, Campeonato Potiguar	5 (1 + 4)	1 silver star for 1998 Nordeste; 4 yellow stars for Potiguar 4-in-a-row 1979–82
Fortaleza EC	Brazil	Campeonato Cearense and Copa Norte-Nordeste	6 (4+2)	4 blue stars for Cearense Championship 4-in-a-row in 2007-10; 2 yellow stars for wins of North/Northeast Cup in 1946 and 1970.
Vila Nova	Brazil	Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, Campeonato Goiano	5 (1 + 4)	1 yellow star for 1996 Brasileiro title; 4 red stars for Goiano 4-in-a-row between 1977–80.
Goiânia	Brazil	Campeonato Goiano	5	5-in-a-row won between 1950–1954.
Ceará	Brazil	Campeonato Cearense	5	5-in-a-row between 1915–19.
ABC	Brazil	Campeonato Potiguar	4	Sweep of all four categories in 1954: professional, amateur, junior, and youth leagues.
Colo-Colo (Ilhéus)	Brazil	Campeonato de Ilhéus	4	4-in-a-row between 1960–63.
São Paulo FC	Brazil	Intercontinental Cup, FIFA Club World Cup	3 (red stars; also 2 gold stars)	3 red stars represent 2 Intercontinental Cups (1992 and 1993) and 1 FIFA Club World Championship (2005). Also, 2 gold stars commemorate Adhemar da Silva's triple jump world records at the 1952 Olympics and the 1955 Pan American Games.
Grêmio Porto Alegre	Brazil	Intercontinental Cup, Libertadores Cup, Brazilian Championship, Copa do Brasil	3 (1+1+1)	The gold star on the badge was added in 1970 to honour Everaldo of the 1970 World Cup team. It also represents the 1983 Intercontinental Title. The silver star represents Continental titles (2 Libertadores and one Recopa); the bronze star represents Brazilian titles (2 Championships, 1 Serie B, and 4 Copas).
Criciuma EC	Brazil	Copa do Brasil; Série B; Série C	3	Copa won in 1991, Série B in 2002, Série C in 2006.
Fluminense	Brazil	Brazilian Championships	3	Titles won in 1970, 1984 and 2010.
Caxias (Santa Catarina)	Brazil	Campeonato Catarinense	3	Titles won in 1929, 1954, and 1955.
Galícia	Brazil	Campeonato Baiano	3	3 in-a-row won between 1941–1943.
União Barbarense	Brazil	Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, 2 others	3	Série C title won in 2004.
Santos FC	Brazil	Intercontinental Cup	2	Titles won in 1962, 1963.
EC Bahia	Brazil	Taça Brasil and Brazilian Championship	2	Taça won 1959, Championship won 1988.
Atlético Paranaense	Brazil	Brazilian Championship and Série B	2 (1 + 1)	Gold star for 2001 title; silver star for 1995 B title.
Sport Club do Recife	Brazil	Brazilian Championship, Série B and Brazilian Cup	3 (1+1+1)	A Gold star for Championship of 1987; a silver star for Série B 1990 and another Gold star for Brazilian Cup 2008.
EC Juventude	Brazil	Copa do Brasil and Brazilian Série B	2 (1+1)	Gold star for the 1999 Copa; silver star for 1994 Série B.
Paraná Clube	Brazil	Brazilian Série B	2	Official Série B of 1992 and Yellow Module of Copa João Havelange in 2000.
Paysandu SC	Brazil		2	Titles won in 1991 and 2001.
Brasiliense	Brazil	Brazilian Série B and Série C	2 (1+1)	Bronze star for C title won in 2002; silver star for B title won in 2004.
América Mineiro	Brazil	Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, Campeonato Mineiro	2 (1 + 1)	Gold star for 1997 Serie B title, red star for Mineiro 10-in-a-row between 1916–25.
CRAC	Brazil	Campeonato Goiano	2	Won in 1967 and 2004.
Grêmio Barueri	Brazil	Campeonato Paulista	2	2005 Série A3 title; 2006 Série A2 title
CR Flamengo	Brazil	Intercontinental Cup	1	Title won 1981. Stars for lesser titles were removed from badge in 2004.
Atlético Mineiro	Brazil	Brazilian Championship	1	Represents title won in 1971. Previously wore 3 stars (2 red and 1 gold), the 2 red stars for the 1992 and 1997 Copa CONMEBOL titles.
Coritiba	Brazil	Brazilian Championship	1	Represents title won in 1985.
Guarani FC	Brazil	Brazilian Championship	2	Represents title won in 1978 and Série B of 1981.
Paulista	Brazil	Copa do Brasil	1	Title won in 2005.
Santo André	Brazil	Copa do Brasil	1	Title won in 2004.
Gama	Brazil	Campeonato Brasileiro Série B	1	Title won in 1998.
Londrina	Brazil	Campeonato Brasileiro Série B	1	Title won in 1980.
Avaí	Brazil	Campeonato Brasileiro Série C	1	Title won in 1998.
Atlético Goianiense	Brazil	Campeonato Brasileiro Série C	1	Title won in 1990.
Rio Branco	Brazil	Copa Norte	1	Title won in 1997.
Anápolis	Brazil	Campeonato Goiano	1	Title won in 1965.
Bragantino	Brazil	Campeonato Paulista	1	Title won in 1990.
Brusque	Brazil	Campeonato Catarinense	1	Title won in 1992.
Goiatuba	Brazil	Goiás State Championship	1	Title won in 1992.
Ipatinga	Brazil	Campeonato Mineiro	1	Title won in 2005.
São Caetano	Brazil	Campeonato Paulista	1	Title won in 2004
Colo-Colo	Chile	Copa Libertadores	1	Trophy won in 1991.
Club Universidad de Chile	Chile	Copa Sudamericana	1	Trophy won in 2011.
O'Higgins de Rancagua	Chile	Chilean Primera Division	1	Title won in 2013 Apertura.
América de Cali	Colombia	Colombian league	13	One star per title.
Atlético Junior	Colombia	Colombian league	7	One star per title.
Once Caldas	Colombia	Colombian league and Copa Libertadores	5 (4+1)	Gold star over badge for libertadores; 4 stars within badge for one league each.
Barcelona SC	Ecuador	Ecuadorian Championship	14	Stars under the badge (one per title).
CS Emelec	Ecuador	Ecuadorian Championship	11	Stars under the badge (one per title).
LDU Quito	Ecuador	Each international title won	4	Fourth star added after Recopa Sudamericana 2010 victory.
Olimpia Asunción	Paraguay	Intercontinental Cup	1	Trophy won in 1979.
Cienciano	Peru	Copa Sudamericana and Recopa Sudamericana	2	Won in 2003 and 2004 respectively.
FBC Melgar	Peru	Peruvian Primera División	1	Peruvian championship title in 1981.
Juan Aurich	Peru	Peruvian Primera División	1	Peruvian championship titles won in 2011.
CD San Martín	Peru	Peruvian Primera División	3	Peruvian championship titles won in 2007, 2008 and 2010.
Sporting Cristal	Peru	Peruvian Primera División	3	Three consecutive titles in 1994–96.
Sport Boys	Peru	Peruvian Primera División	6	Stars under the badge (one per title).
Caracas FC	Venezuela	Primera División Venezolana	10	One title per star.
Deportivo Tachira	Venezuela	Primera División Venezolana	6	One title per star.
Deportivo Petare	Venezuela	Primera División Venezolana	5	One title per star, titles won as Deportivo Italchacao.
Portuguesa FC	Venezuela	Primera División Venezolana	5	One title per star.
Estudiantes de Mérida	Venezuela	Primera División Venezolana	2	One title per star.
Minervén FC	Venezuela	Primera División Venezolana	1	One title per star.
Unión Atlético Maracaibo	Venezuela	Primera División Venezolana	1	One title per star.
Deportivo Anzoátegui	Venezuela	Segunda División Venezolana	1	One title per star.

UEFA

Club Team	Country	Title(s) represented	Number of stars	Notes
KF Tirana	Albania	Albanian Superliga	2	Each represents 10 titles.In total they won 24 titles.
Dinamo Tirana	Albania	Albanian Superliga	1	Represents 10 titles.In total they won 18 titles.
Partizani Tirana	Albania	Albanian Superliga	1	Represents 10 titles.In total they won 15 titles.
Rapid Vienna	Austria	Austrian Bundesliga	3	Each represents 10 titles.
FK Austria Wien	Austria	Austrian Bundesliga	2	Each represents 10 titles.
FC Wacker Innsbruck	Austria	Austrian Bundesliga	1	Represents 10 titles (5 titles FC Wacker Innsbruck, 2 titles FC Swarovski Tirol, 3 titles FC Tirol Innsbruck)
Kapaz PFC	Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan Premier League	3	One golden star per each league championship.
FC Baku	Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan Premier League	2	One golden star per each league championship.
FC Inter Baku	Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan Premier League	2	One golden star per each league championship.
Neftchi Baku	Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan Premier League	1	Represents 5 league championships.
R.S.C. Anderlecht	Belgium	Belgian First Division	3	Each golden star represents 10 titles.
Club Brugge	Belgium	Belgian Pro League	1	Represents 10 titles.
Standard Liège	Belgium	Belgian Pro League	1	Represents 10 titles.
R.U. Saint-Gilloise	Belgium	Belgian Pro League	1	Represents 10 titles. They won 11 titles in total. They currently play in Belgian Third Division B.
PFC CSKA Sofia	Bulgaria	Bulgarian A Group	3	Added 3 stars because of their 30th league title in 2005.
SK Slavia Prague	Czech Republic	Gambrinus Liga	1	Represent 10 titles. 16th and 17th titles won respectively in 2007 and 2008.
AC Sparta Prague	Czech Republic	Gambrinus Liga	3	Represent 30 titles. 36th title won in 2014.
FK Dukla Prague	Czech Republic	Gambrinus Liga	1	Represent 10 titles. 11th title won in 1982 as Dukla Prague.
APOEL Nicosia	Cyprus	Cypriot First Division	2	Each represent 10 titles.
Omonoia Nicosia	Cyprus	Cypriot First Division	2	Each represent 10 titles.
BIF	Denmark	Danish Premier League	2	Gold star for every fifth championship.
F.C. København	Denmark	Danish Premier League	2	Gold star for every fifth championship.
AB	Denmark	Danish Premier League	1	Gold star for every fifth championship.
AGF	Denmark	Danish Premier League	1	Gold star for every fifth championship.
BK Frem	Denmark	Danish Premier League	1	Gold star for every fifth championship.
Esbjerg fB	Denmark	Danish Premier League	1	Gold star for every fifth championship.
Vejle BK	Denmark	Danish Premier League	1	Gold star for every fifth championship.
Aston Villa	England	European Cup	1	Title won in 1982. Star incorporated into the crest.
Bury	England	FA Cup	2	Titles won in 1900 and 1903.
Huddersfield Town	England	English First Division	3	First team to win English First Division 3 times an a row, between 1924 and 1926.
Ipswich Town	England	English First Division, FA Cup, UEFA Cup	3	Trophies won respectively in 1962, 1978 and 1981.
Nottingham Forest	England	European Cup	2	Two silver stars worn above the club crest to commemorate back to back European Cup victories, in 1979 and 1980.
FC Flora Tallinn	Estonia	Meistriliiga	1	Each represents 5 titles.
FC Levadia Tallinn	Estonia	Meistriliiga	1	Each represents 5 titles.
Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi	Finland	Veikkausliiga	2	Each represents 10 titles.
Nantes	France	French league	8	One title per star, incorporated into the crest.
Marseille	France	UEFA Champions League	1	Title won in 1993.
Saint-Étienne	France	French league	1	Represents 10 titles. Last won in 1981.
Bayern Munich	Germany	German Bundesliga	4	Represents 20 Bundesliga titles, the 1932 German championship win is not counted. Fourth star added after 2008 title
Borussia Mönchengladbach	Germany	German Bundesliga	2	Represents 5 titles.
Borussia Dortmund	Germany	German Bundesliga	2	Represents 5 titles. Second star added in 2012.
Werder Bremen	Germany	German Bundesliga	1	Represents 3 titles.
Hamburger SV	Germany	German Bundesliga	1	Represents 3 titles.
VfB Stuttgart	Germany	German Bundesliga	1	Represents 3 titles; added after third win.
Olympiacos	Greece	Superleague Greece	4	Each represents 10 titles.
Ferencvárosi TC	Hungary	Hungarian Championship	2	Each represents 10 titles (28).
MTK	Hungary	Hungarian Championship	2	Each represents 10 titles (23).
Újpest FC	Hungary	Hungarian Championship	2	Each represents 10 titles (20).
Budapest Honvéd	Hungary	Hungarian Championship	1	Each represents 10 titles (13).
Valur	Iceland	Icelandic league	4	Each represents 5 titles.
Fram Reykjavík	Iceland	Icelandic league	3	Each represents 5 titles.
Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur	Iceland	Icelandic league	5	Each represents 5 titles.
Knattspyrnufélagið Víkingur	Iceland	Icelandic league	1	Each represents 5 titles.
Íþróttabandalag Akraness	Iceland	Icelandic league	3	Each represents 5 titles.
FH Hafnarfjörður	Iceland	Icelandic league	1	Each represents 5 titles.
Wexford Youths	Ireland	FAI Youth Inter-League Cup	2	Titles won by Wexford Football League sides coached by Mick Wallace, founder of Wexford Youths F.C.; the junior league is a nursery for the senior club. Titles were won in 2004–5 and 2006–7. A third star is due for the 2007–8 victory.
Bohemian	Ireland	League of Ireland	1	Represents 10 titles. Tenth won in 2008.
Dundalk	Ireland	League of Ireland	1	Represents 10 titles. Tenth won in 2014.
Shamrock Rovers	Ireland	League of Ireland	1	Represents 10 titles. Tenth won in 1964; 15 held at time star was added.
Shelbourne	Ireland	League of Ireland	1	Represents 10 titles. Tenth won in 2002; 11 held at time star was added.
Limerick	Ireland	League of Ireland	2	1 title per star. 1959/60 and 1979/80.
Hapoel Tel Aviv	Israel	Israeli championships	2	Each represents 5 titles. (5 won Before the state of Israel was Formed)
Ironi Kiryat Shmona	Israel	Israeli championships	1	One title per star.
Maccabi Haifa	Israel	Israeli championships	1	Represents 10 titles. 12th Title won in 2011.
Maccabi Netanya	Israel	Israeli championships	5	One title per star.
Maccabi Tel Aviv	Israel	Israeli championships	4	Each represents 5 titles. (5 won Before the state of Israel was formed)
Juventus	Italy	Italian Serie A	3	Each represents 10 Italian Football Championship and Serie A titles. The first, added in 1958 by a Lega Calcio sentence, represents the first case in association football history which a star is used in the kits as a sporting and honorific symbol. Added a third star following their supposed 30th league title in 2011–12 but removed them all following a dispute with the Italian Football Federation, who stripped Juventus of their 2004–05 and 2005–06 titles due to the 2006 Italian football scandal, leaving the official total at 28. Juventus have since won their 30th title in 2013-14 season and thus earned the right to wear the third star, the club removed all stars until another club earns the right to wear two stars to emphasise their superiority. However, the three stars have been reinstated from 2015–16.
Internazionale	Italy	Italian Serie A	1	Represents 10 titles.
Milan	Italy	Italian Serie A	1	Represents 10 titles.
Sliema Wanderers	Malta	Maltese Premier League	2	Each star represents 10 titles.
Floriana	Malta	Maltese Premier League	2	Each star represents 10 titles.
Valletta	Malta	Maltese Premier League	2	Each star represents 10 titles.
Hibernians	Malta	Maltese Premier League	1	Represents 10 titles.
Ajax	Netherlands	Eredivisie and Dutch Championship (pre-1956)	3	Each star represents 10 titles.
PSV	Netherlands	Eredivisie and Dutch Championship (pre-1956)	2	Each star represents 10 titles.
Feyenoord	Netherlands	Eredivisie and Dutch Championship (pre-1956)	1	Represents 10 titles.
HVV Den Haag	Netherlands	Dutch Championship (pre-1956)	1	Represents 10 titles. Star incorporated into the crest.
Rosenborg	Norway	Norwegian league	2	Each star represents 10 titles.
Górnik Zabrze	Poland	Polish League	1	Gold star represents 10 or more titles.
Ruch Chorzów	Poland	Polish League	1	Gold star represents 10 or more titles.
Wisla Kraków	Poland	Polish League	1	Gold star represents 10 or more titles.
Legia Warszawa	Poland	Polish League	1	Gold star represents 10 or more titles.
Lech Poznań	Poland	Polish League	1	Silver star represents 5 to 9 titles.
ŁKS Łódź	Poland	Polish League	1	White star represents 1 to 4 titles.
Polonia Bytom	Poland	Polish League	1	White star represents 1 to 4 titles.
Śląsk Wrocław	Poland	Polish League	1	White star represents 1 to 4 titles.
Warta Poznań	Poland	Polish League	1	White star represents 1 to 4 titles.
Widzew Łódź	Poland	Polish League	1	White star represents 1 to 4 titles.
Zagłębie Lubin	Poland	Polish League	1	White star represents 1 to 4 titles.
Benfica	Portugal	Portuguese League	3	Each represents 10 titles. Announced in February 2008 for the following season, by which time a 31st title had been won.
Steaua Bucharest	Romania	Romanian League	2	Each star represents 10 titles.
Dinamo Bucharest	Romania	Romanian League	1	Represents 10 titles.
CSKA Moscow	Russia	Russian Premier League, Soviet Top League	2	Each star represents 5 titles.
Dynamo Moscow	Russia	Soviet Top League	2	Each star represents 5 titles.
Spartak Moscow	Russia	Russian Premier League, Soviet Top League	4	Each star represents 5 titles. Wore one star from 2003 to 2012 to commemorate their Russian Premier League wins, added another three in 2013 as Russian clubs are allowed to include their pre-1992 Soviet titles in the tally.
Zenit Saint Petersburg	Russia	Russian Premier League, Soviet Top League	1	Each star represents 5 titles.
Rangers	Scotland	Scottish League	5	Each star represents 10 titles; added after fiftieth title. The first football club in the world to win 50 titles.
Aberdeen	Scotland	European Cup Winners Cup and European Super Cup	2	Both trophies won in 1983. Aberdeen remain the only football club in Europe to incorporate a star for the European Super Cup.
Celtic	Scotland	European Cup	1	One European Cup win in 1967. One source, however, claims that the star represents the club's league titles.
East Fife	Scotland	Scottish Cup, Scottish League Cup	4	One Scottish Cup win in 1938 and three League Cup wins in 1948, 1950 and 1954.
Maribor	Slovenia	Slovenian PrvaLiga	1	The star represent 10 titles.
Partizan Belgrade	Serbia	Serbian SuperLiga, First League of Serbia and Montenegro, Yugoslav First League	2	Each star represents 10 titles.
Red Star Belgrade	Serbia	Serbian SuperLiga, First League of Serbia and Montenegro, Yugoslav First League	2	Each star represents 10 titles.
AIK	Sweden	Svenska Mästerskapet, Allsvenskan, Mästerskapsserien	1	Each star represents 10 times Swedish Champions.
Djurgårdens IF	Sweden	Svenska Mästerskapet, Allsvenskan	1	Each star represents 10 times Swedish Champions.
IFK Göteborg	Sweden	Svenska Mästerskapet, Allsvenskan, Allsvenskan play-offs, Mästerskapsserien	1	Each star represents 10 times Swedish Champions.
IFK Norrköping	Sweden	Allsvenskan, Allsvenskan play-offs	1	Each star represents 10 times Swedish Champions.
Malmö FF	Sweden	Allsvenskan	2	Each star represents 10 Allsvenskan titles.
Örgryte IS	Sweden	Svenska Mästerskapet, Allsvenskan play-offs	1	Each star represents 10 times Swedish Champions.
Grasshoppers	Switzerland	Swiss Super League	2	Each represents 10 titles.
FC Basel	Switzerland	Swiss Super League	1	Represents 10 titles.
Servette	Switzerland	Swiss Super League	1	Represents 10 titles.
Young Boys Bern	Switzerland	Swiss Super League	1	Represents 10 titles.
FC Zürich	Switzerland	Swiss Super League	1	Represents 10 titles.
Fenerbahçe	Turkey	Turkish Super League	3	Each represents 5 titles. Have 19 titles.
Galatasaray	Turkey	Turkish Super League	4	Each represents 5 titles. Has 20 titles.
Beşiktaş JK	Turkey	Turkish Super League	2	Each represents 5 titles. Have 13 titles.
Trabzonspor	Turkey	Turkish Super League	1	Represents 5 titles. Have 6 titles.
Dynamo Kyiv	Ukraine	Ukrainian Premier League, Soviet Top League	2	Represents 10 Ukrainian (out of 13) titles and 10 USSR (out of 13) titles. Second star was added on 6 September 2007 for USSR champion titles.

Stars that do not signify particular titles

American club Philadelphia Union has 13 stars that represent the 13 original colonies of the United States. Fellow Major League Soccer franchise Montreal Impact have four stars on their badge, which are symbolic of the nationalities of the peoples who founded the city of Montreal. The four nations are regularly used in Montreal imagery, as the city flag and coat of arms both reference them.

The badge of Peñarol of Uruguay has 11 stars for the 11 players.

Manchester City's badge has three stars to give it a "more continental feel". The 3 stars do not represent titles or trophies. Sivasspor of Turkey also has three stars on their badge. They do not represent any championships either.

For the 2002–03 season, the badge of Greek club Panathinaikos F.C. had 3 stars. One gold representing the team's partaking in the 1971 European Cup Final, and 2 white stars representing the team's participation at the 1985 European Cup semi-finals and the 1996 UEFA Champions League semi-finals respectively. Because none of these stars represent titles or trophies, opposition fans in Greece mocked this.

The United States Soccer Federation has 3 stars within its badge, which is worn by all U.S. national teams, including the senior men's and women's teams. These stars, unequal in size and with pinwheel shading, are representative of the stars in the flag of the United States rather than to symbolize championship titles (almost all the badges/logos of the US national teams in every sport feature at least one star). The senior women's USSF team displays 3 monochromatic stars above the badge representing their three World Cup titles.

Johor Darul Takzim F.C. has 3 stars above its badge, for each time the club changed its name; from PKENJ to Johor and finally Johor Darul Takzim.