Phenacodontidae

Phenacodontidae Temporal range: Early Paleocene to middle Eocene
Phenacodus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	?Perissodactyla
Family:	†Phenacodontidae Cope 1881
Subfamilies and Genera
†Almogaver †Copecion †Eodesmatodon †Phenacodus †Meniscotheriinae †Ectocion †Meniscotherium †Ordathspidotherium †Pleuraspidotherium

Phenacodontidae is an extinct family of large herbivorous mammals traditionally placed in the wastebasket taxon Condylarthra, that may represent early perissodactyls. They lived between the Paleocene and Eocene epochs (about 60-50 million years ago) and their fossil remains have been found in North America and Europe.

Description

These animals had a variety of body sizes, and could be as small as domestic cats (Tetraclaenodon and Ectocion) and as large as sheep (Phenacodus). The skeleton of phenacodontids show several primitive characteristics (the long and heavy tail for example) but also a number of advanced, Perissodactyla-like adaptations: the long legs, for example, had five fingers, but the first finger showed a clear reduction, and in some forms (like Phenacodus) the fifth finger was reduced as well. The skull of phenacodontids is long and narrow, and equipped with a small braincase. Some species had tapir-like adaptations suggestive of the presence of a short proboscis or a strong prehensile lip.

The teeth of phenacodontids, particularly in the latter forms, were quite specialized: the molars and premolars were equipped with low cusps that sometimes joined in ridges, similar to the condition found in some perissodactyls. Some forms, like Meniscotherium, had enlarged ridges. This adaptation is unusual for mammals as old as phenacodontids.

Evolution

The phenacodontids evolved in the middle Paleocene in North America. Early forms were usually small - Tetraclaenodon, for example, was the size of a fox. Later forms were much larger and invaded Europe, although they never became as plentiful as in North America. Towards the beginning of the Eocene these animals slowly disappeared from the fossil record. Only a few forms survived into the middle Eocene - these include Phenacodus in Europe and North America, Almogaver in Europe and Ectocion in North America. An exception to the scarcity of Eocene phenacodontids is the dog-sized genus Meniscotherium, whose fossils are very abundant.

Classification

The phenacodontids were classically included in the large, now thought to be artificial, order of Condylarthra. This order has been considered to be a wastebasket taxon for some time. According to more recent views, the Condylarths are better understood as an evolutionaire grade instead of a monophyletic clade, one that would lead to the true ungulates. Indeed, recent phylogenetic studies confirm that phenacodonts were most closely related to modern odd-toed ungulates.

Paleobiology

The specialized teeth found in at least some phenacodontids seem to indicate a primary herbivorous lifestyle. The shape of the legs indicated that some phenacodontids (like Phenacodus) were swift runners.

See also

• Radinskya, a basal perissodactyl from the Paleocene of China

References

• Archibald, J. D. 1998. Archaic ungulates ("Condylarthra"). In Janis, C. M., Scott, K. M. & Jacobs, L. L. (eds) Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals. Cambridge University Press, pp. 292–331.
• Prothero, D. R., Manning, E. M. & Fischer, M. 1988. The phylogeny of the ungulates. In Benton, M. J. (ed) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 2: Mammals. Clarendon Press (Oxford), pp. 201–234.