Morongo Band of Mission Indians

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Morongo Band of
Mission Indians
Morongo Reservation View.jpg
Christian Church on the Morongo Reservation
Total population
(996[1])
Regions with significant populations
United States United States (California California)
Languages
English, Pass Cahuilla, and Serrano.[2]
Religion
traditional tribal religion,
Christianity (Roman Catholicism)[3]
Related ethnic groups
other Cahuilla, Cupeño, and Serrano peoples

The Morongo Band of Mission Indians is a federally recognized tribe. The main tribal groups are Cahuilla and Serrano. Tribal members also include Cupeño, Luiseño, and Chemehuevi Indians.[4] Although many tribes in California are known as Mission Indians, some, like those at Morongo, were never a part of the Spanish Missions in California. The Morongo Reservation is located in Riverside County, California.[1]

Reservation

The Morongo Reservation (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.) is located at the base of the San Gorgonio and San Jacinto Mountains. It is over 35,000 acres (14,000 ha) in size. On May 15, 1876, President Ulysses S. Grant established this and eight other reservations in the area by executive order.[5] Approximately 954 of the 996 enrolled tribal members live on the reservation.[1]

The name Morongo comes from the Serrano clan Maarrenga'. The first official "Captain" of Potrero Ajenio (aka San Gorgonio Agency) recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs was the hereditary leader of the Maarrenga', known to Americans by his English name, John Morongo. As time went on the Bureau referred to the tribe as the Morongo Band of Mission Indians.

Government

The Morongo Band of Mission Indians is headquartered in Banning, California. They are governed by a democratically elected tribal council. Their current administration is as follows:

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  • Robert Martin, Chairman
  • Mary Ann Martin-Andreas, Vice-Chairman
  • Charles Martin, Councilmember
  • Ann Robinson, Councilmember
  • Tom Linton, Councilmember
  • Brian Lugo, Councilmember
  • Damon Sandoval, Councilmember[6]

Languages

Cahuilla and Serrano are Takic languages, part of the Uto-Aztecan language family. The main aboriginal group of the San Gorgonio Pass are Pass Cahuilla, who call the area Maalki. The Serrano, who had traditionally intermarried with the Pass Cahuilla, and who have lived in the area since well before the inception of the reservation, call the area Maarrkinga'. Cahuilla and Serrano are technically considered to be extinct as they are no longer spoken at home, and children are no longer learning them as primary languages.[7] Joe Saubel, a Morongo tribal member and the last pure speaker of Pass Cahuilla, died in 2008. The last pure speaker of Serrano was also enrolled at Morongo, Ms. Dorothy Ramon, who died in 2002. Recent generations have found a renewed interest in their native languages however, and many families are now reclaiming Pass Cahuilla and Serrano for their children.[8]

In 2012, the Limu Project announced that it had successfully reconstructed Pass Cahuilla, and is offering an online course.[9] The project also offers online courses in Maarrenga' (Morongo Band "Serrano" dialect) and Yuhaviat (Santos Manuel Band "Serrano" dialect).[10]

Programs, economic and cultural development

Gaming

Morongo Casino, Riverside County, California

The tribe opened a small bingo hall in 1983, which became the foundation of what is now one of the oldest Native gaming enterprises in California. The government of Riverside County, California, attempted to shut down the bingo hall, so the tribe joined with the Cabazon Band of Mission Indians in a lawsuit eventually decided by the U.S. Supreme Court. On February 25, 1987, the court upheld the right of sovereign Indian tribes to operate gaming enterprises on their reservations.[11]

The Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa was opened in 2004 in Cabazon, California.[5] It is open seven days a week, 24 hours a day. The hotel has 310 rooms. Several restaurants and bars are part of the complex, Desert Orchid: Contemporary Asian Cuisine, Potrero Canyon Buffet, Cielo: Pacific Coast Steak and Seafood Restaurant, Serrano, Sunset Bar and Grill, a food court, Mystique Lounge, and the Pit Bar. The club, 360, is open on weekends.[12]

Water

A bottling plant on the reservation is operated by Nestle Waters North America Inc., which leases the property from the tribe. The plant bottles Arrowhead spring water as well as purified water sold under the brand Nestle Pure Life. In his 2010 book "Bottled and Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water”, author Peter H. Gleick said the plant was producing more than 1 billion bottles of Arrowhead spring water per year.[13]

Cultural

The Malki Museum on the Morongo Reservation is open to the public. It maintains the Malki Museum Press, which publishes the Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology and scholarly books on Indian culture. The reservation is also home to the Limu Project, a tribal community-based nonprofit organization that helps families preserve knowledge of their indigenous languages, history, and cultural traditions.[14]

Churches

Two churches are on the Morongo Reservation. They are the Protestant Morongo Moravian Church and the Catholic St. Mary's Mission, maintained by the Saint Kateri Tekakwitha Catholic Community.[15][16]

Notable tribal members

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 California Indians and Their Reservations: M. San Diego State University Library and Information Access. 2010 (retrieved 18 May 2010) Archived January 10, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ↑ Eargle, 111
  3. ↑ Pritzker, 120
  4. ↑ Pritzker 24, 120
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "California v. Cabazon" Mary Ann Irwin. (retrieved 5 September 2010)
  6. ↑ "Tribal Council." Morongo Band of Mission Indians. Retrieved 10 Jan 2011.
  7. ↑ Hinton, 28, 32
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ California v. Cabazon Band, 480 U.S. 202 (1987).
  12. ↑ "Morongo Casino Resort Spa." 500 Nations. (retrieved 18 May 2010)
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Limu Project
  15. ↑ Saint Kateri Tekakwitha Catholic Community: St. Mary's Mission
  16. ↑ Moravian Church: Western District. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Morongo Moravian Church: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

References

  • Eargle, Jr., Dolan H. California Indian Country: The Land and the People. San Francisco: Tree Company Press, 1992. ISBN 0-937401-20-X.
  • Hinton, Leanne. Flutes of Fire: Essays on California Indian Languages. Berkeley: Heyday Books, 1994. ISBN 0-930588-62-2
  • Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1.

Further reading

External links

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