List of rulers of Tuscany

Grand Duke of Tuscany
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Details
Style	His/her Imperial and Royal Highness
First monarch	Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Last monarch	Leopold II (de jure) Ferdinand IV (de facto/titular)
Formation	27 August 1569
Abolition	16 August 1859
Pretender(s)	Archduke Sigismund, Grand Duke of Tuscany

The rulers of Tuscany varied over time, sometimes being margraves, the rulers of handfuls of border counties and sometimes the heads of the most important family of the region.

Margraves of Tuscany, 812–1197

House of Boniface

These were originally counts of Lucca who extended their power over the neighbouring counties.

• Boniface I, 812–823
• Boniface II, 828–834
• Aganus, 835–845
• Adalbert I, 847–886
• Adalbert II the Rich, 886–915
• Guy, 915–929
• Lambert, 929–931

House of Boso

These were the (mostly illegitimate) relatives of Hugh of Arles, King of Italy, whom he appointed to their post after removing the dynasty of Boniface

• Boso, 931–936
• Humbert, 936–961
• Hugh the Great, 961–1001

House of Hucpold

• Boniface (III), 1004–1011

Nondynastic

• Rainier, 1014–1027

House of Canossa

These were the descendants of the Counts of Canossa.

• Boniface III, 1027–1052
• Frederick, 1052–1055
• Matilda, 1055–1115
  • Beatrice of Bar, 1052–1069 (regent as mother of Frederick and Mathilda)
  • Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1053–1069 (regent as husband of Beatrice and step-father to Frederick and Matilda)
  • Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1069–1076 (co-ruler as husband of Matilda)
  • Welf II, 1089–1095 (co-ruler as husband of Matilda)

Nondynastic

• Rabodo, 1116–1119
• Conrad, 1119/20–1129/31
• Rampret, c. 1131
• Engelbert, 1134/5–1137
• Henry the Proud, 1137–1139
• Ulrich of Attems, 1139–1152 (imperial vicar)
• Welf VI, 1152–1160
• Welf VII, 1160–1167
  • Rainald of Dassel, Archbishop of Cologne, 1160–1163 (imperial vicar)
  • Christian of Buch, Archbishop of Mainz 1163–1173 (imperial vicar)
• Welf VI, 1167–1173
• Philip, 1195–1197

In 1197 Philip was elected King of Germany and the majority of the Tuscan nobility, cities and bishops formed the Tuscan League with Papal backing.

• Frederick of Antioch, 1246–50 (imperial vicar)

After this, Tuscany was splintered between the competing republics of Florence, Pisa, Siena, Arezzo, Pistoia and Lucca. Since the 14th century, Florence gained dominance over Pistoia (1306, officially annexed 1530), Arezzo (1384), Pisa (1406), and Siena (1559). Lucca was an independent republic until the Napoleonic period in the 19th century.

Rulers of Florence, 1434–1569

De facto rulers of the House of Medici, 1434–1494

Portrait	Name	Lifespan	Reign	Consorts	Succession
	Cosimo de' Medici	27 September 1389 – 1 August 1464	6 October 1434 – 1 August 1464	Contessina de' Bardi c. 1415 2 sons	First de facto Lord of Florence
	Piero I the Gouty	19 September 1416 – 2 December 1469	1 August 1464 – 2 December 1469	Lucrezia Tornabuoni 3 June 1444 5 children	Son of Cosimo
	Lorenzo I the Magnificent	1 January 1449 – 8 April 1492	2 December 1469 – 8 April 1492	Clarice Orsini 4 June 1469 10 children	Son of Piero
	Giuliano I de' Medici	25 October 1453 – 26 April 1478	2 December 1469 – 26 April 1478	Fioretta Gorini never married 1 son	Son of Piero and co-ruler with Lorenzo
	Piero II the Unfortunate	15 February 1472 – 28 December 1503	9 April 1492 – 9 November 1494	Alfonsina Orsini February 1488 Rome 2 children	Son of Lorenzo, was deposed and exiled

Republic of Florence (1494-1512)

Portrait	Name	From	To	Note
	Girolamo Savonarola	1494	1498	Inspired reform around Florence, was condemned a heretic and hanged and simultaneously burned at the stake in the middle of the piazza.
	Piero Soderini	1502	1512	was declared Standard Bearer for life, fled Florence after the Medici conquest.

Rulers of the House of Medici (1512-1532)

Portrait	Name	Lifespan	Reign	Consorts	Succession
110px	Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici	11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521	31 August 1512 – 9 March 1513	Never married	Son of Lorenzo, later became Pope Leo X
	Giuliano II de' Medici	12 March 1479 – 17 March 1516	9 March 1513 – 17 March 1516	Filiberta of Savoy 22 February 1515 Paris no issue 1 illegitimate son	Son of Lorenzo
110px	Lorenzo de' Medici	12 September 1492 – 4 May 1519	17 March 1516 – 4 May 1519	Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne 5 May 1518 Château d'Amboise, Amboise 1 daughter 1 illegitimate son	Son of Piero the Unfortunate
	Cardinal Giulio de' Medici	26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534	4 May 1519 – 19 November 1523	Never married	Son of Giuliano de Medici, later became Pope Clement VII
	Ippolito de' Medici	1511 – 10 August 1535	19 November 1523 – 16 May 1527	Never married	Illegitimate son of Giuliano II de Medici
	Alessandro de' Medici	22 July 1510 – 6 January 1537	16 May 1527 – 1530	Margaret of Parma 13 June 1536 Florence no issue 3 illegitimate children	Illegitimate son of Lorenzo II de Medici

After the Sack of Rome, Florence overthrew the Medicis once more and became a republic until Pope Clement VII signed a peace treaty with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor who then invaded Florence and restored the Medicis.

Portrait	Name	Lifespan	Reign	Consorts	Succession
	Alessandro de' Medici	22 July 1510 – 6 January 1537	5 July 1531 – 1 May 1532	Margaret of Parma 13 June 1536 Florence no issue 3 illegitimate children	Illegitimate son of Lorenzo II de Medici

Medici dukes of Florence, 1532–1569

Portrait	Name	Lifespan	Reign	Consorts	Succession
	Alessandro de' Medici	22 July 1510 – 6 January 1537	1 May 1532 – 6 January 1537	Margaret of Parma 13 June 1536 Florence no issue 3 illegitimate children	Illegitimate son of Lorenzo II de Medici
	Cosimo I de' Medici	12 June 1519 – 21 April 1574	6 January 1537 – 21 August 1569	(1) Eleanor of Toledo 29 June 1539 Florence 11 children (2) Camilla Martelli 1570 1 daughter	Son of Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, later became the first Grand Duke of Tuscany.

Medici grand dukes of Tuscany, 1569–1737

Portrait	Name	Lifespan	Reign	Consorts	Succession
	Cosimo I de' Medici	12 June 1519 – 21 April 1574	21 August 1569 – 21 April 1574	(1) Eleanor of Toledo 29 June 1539 Florence 11 children (2) Camilla Martelli 1570 1 daughter	Son of Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, later became the first Grand Duke of Tuscany.
110px	Francesco I de' Medici	25 March 1541 – 19 October 1587	21 April 1574 – 17 October 1587	(1) Joanna of Austria 18 December 1565 Florence 8 children (2) Bianca Cappello 10 June 1579 1 son	Son of Cosimo I
110px	Ferdinando I de' Medici	30 July 1549 – 3 February 1609	19 October 1587 – 7 February 1609	Christina of Lorraine 1589 Florence 9 children	Son of Cosimo I
	Cosimo II de' Medici	12 May 1590 – 28 February 1621	17 February 1609 – 28 February 1621	Maria Maddalena of Austria 1608 8 children	Son of Ferdinando I
110px	Ferdinando II de' Medici	14 July 1610 – 23 May 1670	28 February 1621 – 23 May 1670	Vittoria della Rovere 6 April 1637 4 children	Son of Cosimo II
	Cosimo III de' Medici	14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723	23 May 1670 – 31 October 1723	Marguerite Louise d'Orléans 17 April 1661 Louvre 3 children	Son of Ferdinando II
	Gian Gastone de' Medici	24 May 1671 – 9 July 1737	31 October 1723 – 9 July 1737	Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg 2 July 1697 Düsseldorf no issue	Son of Cosimo III

Habsburg-Lorraine grand dukes of Tuscany, 1737–1801

Portrait	Name	Lifespan	Reign	Consorts	Succession
	Francesco II Stefano	8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765	12 July 1737 – 18 August 1765	Maria Theresa 12 February 1736 Vienna 16 children	Great-great-great-grandson of Francesco I, received Tuscany per the terms of the Treaty of Vienna
	Leopoldo I	5 May 1747 – 1 March 1792	18 August 1765 – 22 July 1790	Maria Luisa of Spain 16 February 1764 Madrid 16 children	Second son of Francesco II Stefano
	Ferdinando III	6 May 1769 – 18 June 1824	22 July 1790 – 3 August 1801	(1) Luisa of Naples and Sicily 19 September 1790 Vienna 6 children (2) Maria Ferdinanda of Saxony 6 May 1821 Florence no issue	Second son of Leopoldo I

Bourbon-Parma kings of Etruria, 1801–1807

Portrait	Name	Lifespan	Reign	Consorts	Succession
110px	Ludovico I	5 July 1773 – 27 May 1803	21 March 1801 – 27 May 1803	Maria Luisa of Spain 25 August 1795 Madrid 2 children	Grandson of Francesco II Stefano
	Ludovico II	22 December 1799 – 16 April 1883	27 May 1803 – 10 December 1807	Maria Teresa of Savoy 5 September 1820 Lucca 2 children	Son of Ludovico I

Tuscany was annexed by France, 1807–1814. Napoleon's sister Elisa Bonaparte was given the honorary title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany, but did not actually rule over the region.

Habsburg-Lorraine grand dukes of Tuscany, 1814–1860

Portrait	Name	Lifespan	Reign	Consorts	Succession
	Ferdinando III	6 May 1769 – 18 June 1824	27 April 1814 – 18 June 1824	(1) Luisa of Naples and Sicily 19 September 1790 Vienna 6 children (2) Maria Ferdinanda of Saxony 6 May 1821 Florence no issue	Restored
	Leopoldo II	3 October 1797 – 29 January 1870	18 June 1824 – 21 July 1859	(1) Maria Anna of Saxony 28 October 1817 Dresden 4 children (2) Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies 7 June 1833 Naples 10 children	Son of Ferdinando III
	Ferdinando IV	10 June 1835 – 17 January 1908	21 July 1859 – 22 March 1860	(1) Anna of Saxony 24 November 1856 Dresden 2 daughters (2) Alice of Parma 11 January 1868 Frohsdorf 10 children	Son of Leopoldo II

Leopoldo II was driven from Tuscany by revolution from 21 February to 12 April 1849, and again on 27 April 1859. He abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdinando IV, on 21 July 1859, but Ferdinando IV was never recognized in Tuscany, and was deposed by the provisional government on 16 August. Tuscany was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia on 22 March 1860.

Titular Habsburg-Lorraine claimants, 1860–present

Portrait	Name	Lifespan	Reign	Consorts	Succession
	Ferdinando IV	10 June 1835 – 17 January 1908	22 March 1860 – 17 January 1908	(1) Anna of Saxony 24 November 1856 Dresden 2 daughters (2) Alice of Parma 11 January 1868 Frohsdorf 10 children	Son of Leopoldo II
	Giuseppe Ferdinando	24 May 1872 – 28 August 1942	17 January 1908 – 2 May 1921	(1) Rosa Kaltenbrunner 2 May 1921 Maria Plain no issue (2) Gertrude Tomanek von Beyerfels-Mondsee 27 January 1929 Vienna 2 children	Second son of Ferdinando IV
110px	Pietro Ferdinando	2 May 1874 – 8 November 1948	2 May 1921 – 8 November 1948	Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 8 November 1900 Cannes 4 children	Third son of Ferdinando IV
110px	Goffredo	14 March 1902 – 21 January 1984	8 November 1948 - 21 January 1984	Dorothea of Bavaria 2 August 1938 Sárvár 4 children	Son of Pietro Ferdinando
110px	Leopoldo Francesco	25 October 1942 - 23 June 2021	21 January 1984 - 18 June 1993	Laetitia d'Arenberg 19 June 1965 St. Gilgen 2 sons	Son of Goffredo
110px	Sigismondo	21 April 1966 - Present	18 June 1993 - Present	Elyssa Juliet Edmonstone 1999 3 children	Son of Leopoldo Francesco

See also

• List of Tuscan consorts
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany
• History of Tuscany