List of manned spacecraft
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
(Redirected from Manned spacecraft)
This is a list of Human spaceflight types, including space stations, sorted by nation and series in chronological order. Canceled programs are listed at the end.
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Contents
- 1 Comparison
- 2 Current human spacecraft
- 3 Former human spacecraft
- 4 Proposed or in development
- 5 Cancelled
- 5.1 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
- 5.2 Joint NASA / United States Air Force
- 5.3 Joint NASA / European Space Agency (ESA)
- 5.4 Soviet space program
- 5.5 Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA)
- 5.6 European Space Agency (ESA)
- 5.7 China National Space Administration (CNSA)
- 5.8 UK
- 5.9 Japan
- 6 Notes
- 7 References
Comparison
Current human spacecraft
Orbital
Russian
- Soyuz (1967–present) 2 or 3 person Earth orbital;[1] fourth and fifth generations continued operation by Russian Federation
Chinese
- Shenzhou (2003–present) 3 person Earth orbital craft
Space stations
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- International Space Station (1998–present)
- Tiangong 1 (2011–present)
Former human spacecraft
Orbital
Soviet/Russian
- Vostok (1961–1963) single-person Earth orbital craft[2]
- Voskhod (1964–1965) 2 or 3 person Vostok derivative[3]
American
- Mercury spacecraft (1961–1963) single-person Earth orbital craft[4]
- Gemini spacecraft (1965–1966) 2 person Earth orbital craft[5]
- Apollo spacecraft
- Command/Service Module (1968–1975) 3 person Earth and lunar orbital craft[6]
- Lunar Module (1969–1972) 2 person lunar lander[7]
- Space Shuttle (1981–2011) 2 to 8 person Earth orbital craft; first orbit-capable spaceplane; first partially reusable spacecraft
Space stations
- Salyut series (1971–1991)[8]
- Skylab (1973–1974)
- Almaz series (1973–1977) Military reconnaissance stations, disguised as Salyut 2, 3 and 5[citation needed]
- Mir (1986–2001)
Suborbital
- X-15 (1959–1970) air-launched spaceplane; first X-15 flight to pass Kármán line occurred in 1963[9]
- SpaceShipOne (2003–2004) air-launched spaceplane[citation needed]
Proposed or in development
Orbital
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Russian
- Prospective Piloted Transport System (PPTS) (in development) 6 person Earth orbital craft
American
- Golden Spike Company Flyer (proposed manned Lunar spacecraft)
- Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) 4 person beyond Earth orbit craft[citation needed] (in development)
- SpaceX's Dragon 7 person Earth orbital craft (being modified to carry crew)[10]
- Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser 7 person Earth orbital spaceplane (in development)[10]
- Boeing's CST-100 Starliner 7 person Earth orbital craft (in development)[10][11]
- Blue Origin's orbital spacecraft (in development)[10]
- Excalibur Almaz commercial spacecraft (in development)
European
- Advanced Re-entry Vehicle (ARV) 4 person Earth orbital (proposed)[12]
- CSTS (proposed)
- Mars One Transit Living Module and Human Lander (proposed)
Japanese
- HTV-R (proposed)
Indian
- ISRO Orbital Vehicle (in development)[citation needed]
Iranian
- Iranian manned spaceship project (in development)
British
- Skylon (unpiloted reusable spaceplane with possible Passenger Module, engine in development)
Suborbital
Russian
- Space Adventures Explorer (suborbital, in development)[citation needed]
American
- The Spaceship Company's SpaceShipTwo (suborbital, in development)
- The Spaceship Company's SpaceShipThree (suborbital, proposed)
- XCOR Aerospace's Lynx (suborbital, in development)[citation needed]
- Blue Origin's New Shepard (suborbital, in development)
- Masten Space Systems's XA Series (suborbital, in development)[citation needed]
- Masten Space Systems's O Series (orbital, proposed)[citation needed]
- Masten Space Systems's XL Series (orbital/lunar, proposed)[citation needed]
Canadian
- DreamSpace Group's XF1 (suborbital, proposed)[13]
Romanian
Danish
- HEAT 1X Tycho Brahe (suborbital, in development)
French
- VSH (suborbital, manned version of VEHRA, in development)[citation needed]
British
- Starchaser Industries's Nova 2 (suborbital, in development)[citation needed]
- Starchaser Industries's Thunderbird (suborbital, in development)[citation needed]
- Starchaser Industries's Thunderstar (suborbital, in development)[citation needed]
Argentine
AATE VESA (Spanish for Argentine Suborbital Space Vehicle) "Gauchito"[citation needed]
Uganda
African Space Research Program (Ugandian Suborbital Space Vehicle) "African Skyhawk" (in development), "Dynacraft Spaceship" (project)[citation needed]
Cancelled
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
- Space Transportation System (1976 - 2011, all elements canceled, except the Space Shuttle, which took the name)
- VentureStar, Lockheed Martin X-33 demonstrator (canceled 2001) single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) shuttle
- Altair Lunar Surface Access Module for Constellation program
Joint NASA / United States Air Force
- Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar (canceled 1963) winged orbital space plane, launched by Titan 3
- Manned Orbiting Laboratory + Gemini-B spacecraft (canceled 1969)
- Rockwell X-30 or National AeroSpace Plane (canceled 1993) to be used as a hypersonic transport plane or as a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) shuttle
Joint NASA / European Space Agency (ESA)
- X-38 (canceled 1999) lifting body crew-rescue vehicle for ISS
Soviet space program
- Soyuz 7K-VI Zvezda[14] (1962-1968; military researching ship)
- Soyuz 7K-L1 (1967–1970) part of the abandoned Soviet manned lunar flyby program[citation needed]
- Soyuz L3 spacecraft (late 1960s to early 1970s); part of the abandoned Soviet manned lunar landing program (The LOK would carry two cosmonauts into orbit around the Moon, acting as "mother" spacecraft for the LK Lander, which would land one member of the crew to the surface)[citation needed]
- Soyuz 7K-L3 (LOK) 2 person lunar orbital craft
- LK Lander Module single-pilot lunar lander
- Spiral-EPOS (also known as EPOS – Russian acronym for Experimental Passenger Orbital Aircraft – canceled 1976)[15]
- Shuttle Buran (1976-1988) canceled after one unmanned orbital flight[16]
- Strelec (Archer; 1979 - 1991) universal military 3 person spaceship - tank, which was created within the project of cosmical complex Sapfir (Sapphire, project canceled)[17]
- Zarya (project canceled 1989)
- MAKS (project canceled 1991)
Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA)
- Kliper (government funding canceled 2006)
European Space Agency (ESA)
- Hermes (project cancelled 1992)
- Hopper (project cancelled)
- ATV evolution (project not adopted)[citation needed]
Space stations
- Columbus-MTFF (project cancelled 1991)
China National Space Administration (CNSA)
- Shuguang (project cancelled 1972)
- FSW (unmanned flights only; manned program cancelled)[citation needed]
UK
- HOTOL (funding withdrawn 1986)
- HOTOL 2 (rejected 1991)[citation needed]
Japan
National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)
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- HOPE-X (project cancelled 2003)[citation needed]
- Fuji (project not adopted)
Other Japan
- Kankoh-maru (proposed)
Notes
- ↑ Gatland, pp.148-165
- ↑ Gatland, pp.109-115
- ↑ Gatland, pp.131-113
- ↑ Gatland, pp.148, 151-165
- ↑ Gatland, pp.166-185, 266-275
- ↑ Gatland, pp.190, 278-280
- ↑ Gatland, pp.191, 207, 283, 284
- ↑ Gatland, pp.229-246
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- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ [1]
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- ↑ [2]
- ↑ [3]
- ↑ [4]
- ↑ [5]
References
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