Letov Š-28

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Letov Š-28
300px
Role Reconnaissance aircraft
Manufacturer Letov Kbely in Prague
First flight 1929
Introduction 1934
Retired 1944
Primary user Czechoslovakian Air Force
Number built 470 (all variants Š-28, -128, -228, -328 and -528)

The Letov Š-28 was a Czechoslovak single-engined, two-seat reconnaissance aircraft. It was manufactured by Letov Kbely in a number of versions with different powerplants. Most important version was Š-328, which was produced in relatively high quantities (412 planes produced).

History

Design work started in 1932 to meet a requirement from the Finnish Air Force although they never accepted the type. It first flew in 1934 and began equipping the Czechoslovak Air Force the following year. The machine was made in two versions—with wheeled undercarriage for land use and with floats for water operations. Although Czechoslovakia was a land locked nation, a floatplane variant was necessary for a Czechoslovak anti-aircraft artillery training depot in the Bay of Kotor (now in Montenegro) and four were built as the Š-328v. (v stood for vodní or water). It was used as a reconnaissance aircraft, light bomber and ground-attack aircraft for the Czechoslovakia Air Force during the mid and late 1930s and in that same role during the early months of World War II, when the Slovak Air Force came under German control following its occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939. 13 planes from first production batch was tested as night fighters armed with 4 7,92 mm vz.30 machine guns in the wings and 2 movable vz.30 for the observer. These were later modified for normal use because without radar their effectiveness was minimal. At the time of the Munich agreement, which ended the Sudeten crisis the Czechoslovak Air Force had 227 planes in operational units and 87 in training schools and mobilisation depots. Production continued even after German occupation of Czechoslovakia until 1940, the last planes being 30 Š-328 produced for Bulgaria,[1] and 50 planes of that type ordered by Slovakia in July 1938. Altogether, 412 Letov Š-328 were produced.[2]

The Letov Š-328's combat record is vague but some sources suggest that some Š-328 landplanes may have been used during the Spanish Civil War[3] however there is no evidence to confirm this and is likely a misidentification of another type. The Germans used captured Š-328s both as trainers and in the night attack role on the Eastern Front in the Winter of 1942-43.[4] The Germans handed over some of these machines to their allies, Bulgaria, and Slovakia.

The Slovak Š-328s carried out reconnaissance and bombing sorties in support of the Slovak participation in the Invasion of Poland in September 1939.[5] Following Slovakia's participation in the German Invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Slovak Š-328s were used for patrol and reconnaissance flights and few of them also attacked soviet trucks and cars. They were again used in anti-partisan operations in western Ukraine in the summer of 1942.[6] At least 11 Slovakian aircraft were seized by Slovak insurgents and flown against the Germans in late 1944 during the Slovak National Uprising in September to October 1944.[7] The unit never had more than 3 planes operational at time, but they were an important asset. On 7 September 1944 this aircraft achieved one of the last shoot-down of an enemy aircraft achieved by biplane, when a patrolling Š-328 was attacked by a reconnaissance Focke-Wulf Fw 189. The Fw 189 was damaged by machine gun fire and forced to land in an area controlled by the insurgents.

Operators

 Bulgaria
  • Bulgarian Air Force purchased 62 Š-328s from Germany in 1939, naming them the Vrana (Crow),[8] of which 30 were produced after German occupation of Czechoslovakia.[1] Till 1942 they were also used for anti-submarine patrols over the Black Sea. They remained in service until at least September 1944.[9]
 Czechoslovakia
 Estonia
 Germany
 Slovakia

Variants

  • Š-28 - prototype with Walter Castor engine (1 built)
  • Š-128 - production version with Gnome et Rhone-built Bristol Mercury VII engine (12 built)
  • Š-228 - production version for Estonia with Walter-built Bristol Mercury VII (4 built)
    • Š-328F - prototype for Finland, powered by 580 hp (433 kW) Bristol Pegasus IIM-2 radial engine (1 built).[10]
  • Š-328 - main production version. Approx 412 built in total,[10] including:
    • Š-328N- night fighter, armed with four forward firing and two flexibly mounted machine guns.[10]
    • Š-328V - floatplane target tug (4 built)[10]
  • Š-428 - close ground support aircraft covering armies on the battlefield. The engine was an Avia VR-36 545 kW, V-12 liquid-cooled inline piston engine of 740 hp (1 built)
  • Š-528 - planned replacement for Š-328 developed in 1935, powered by 800 hp (597 kW) Gnome-Rhône Mistral Major (6 built).[1]

Specifications (Š-328 Šmolík)

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 10.34 m (33 ft 11 in)
  • Wingspan: 13.69 m (44 ft 11 in)
  • Height: 3.38 m (11 ft 1 in)
  • Wing area: 424 sq ft (39.40 m² - 20,4 top wing, 19 lower wing)
  • Empty weight: 1,680 kg (3,704 lb)
  • Loaded weight: 2,750 kg (6,062 lb)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Walter-built Bristol Pegasus II.M-2 , 9-cylinder, air-cooled radial piston engine, 485 kW (650 hp)

Performance

Armament

  • 2× fixed forward-firing 7.92 mm (0.31 inch) machine gun vz.30 in lower wing (400 rpg)
  • 2× 7.92 mm machine gun in flexible mount in rear cockpit (420 rpg in 6 drums)
  • 500 kg (1,102 lb) of bombs. 5 x 100 kg bombs (4 in pairs under the wing, 1 under the fuselage). Usually 6 x 20 kg bombs under wing and 2 x 50 kg under the fuselage.

Avionics
complete for night actions (as standard 1938)

See also

Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Green 1967, p.46.
  2. ↑ History of the Letov Š-28 series on avionslegendaires.net
  3. ↑ Nash, David. "Aircraft that may have participated in the Spanish Civil War" Aircraft of the Spanish Civil War. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
  4. ↑ Green 1967, pp. 48-49.
  5. ↑ Green 1967, p.47
  6. ↑ Green 1967, pp.47-48.
  7. ↑ Green 1967, p.49.
  8. ↑ Green and Swanborough 1989, pp.66-77.
  9. ↑ Green and Swanborough 1989, p.73.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Mondey 1996, p.152.

Bibliography

  • Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Seven - Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft. London:Macdonald, 1967.
  • Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Balkan Interlude - The Bulgarian Air Force in WWII". Air Enthusiast. Issue 39, May–August 1989. Bromley, Kent: Tri-Service Press, pp. 58–74. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Mondey, David. The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II. London:Chancellor, 1996. ISBN 1-85152-966-7.

External links

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