Kingston, Norfolk Island

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Kingston
Norfolk Island
Old Military Barracks, now Legislative Assembly Chambers, with Kingston Common in background
Old Military Barracks, now Legislative Assembly Chambers, with Kingston Common in background
Kingston is located in Norfolk Island
Kingston
Kingston
Coordinates Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Established 6 March 1788
Postcode(s) 2899
Time zone NFT (UTC+11)
Location
  • 3 km (2 mi) SE of Burnt Pine
  • 2 km (1 mi) S of Middlegate

Kingston (Norf'k laengwij Daun a'Taun[1]) is the capital of the Australian South Pacific Territory of Norfolk Island. The vice-regal, legislative, administrative and judicial offices are all located in Kingston. The town is the second-oldest in Australia, and is of great historical and cultural significance to all Norfolk Islanders and other Australians.

Geography

Kingston is located on the east-west aligned Kingston Plain which rises from the coast to about 20 m (66 ft) above sea level in the foothills of the Kingston escarpment. The plain is 1.5 km (0.9 mi) long by about 500 m (1,640 ft) wide, with calcareous lime sands to the south along the coast and basaltic clays to the north along the foothills. The western end of the plain is marked by the 60 m (197 ft) high Flagstaff Hill. Watermill Creek traverses the plain after leaving Arthur's Vale to the north-west, and is joined by Town Creek and several minor tributaries to form the Kingston swamps before draining into Emily Bay. Most of the accessible beaches on the island are located along the Kingston foreshores. Southwards, Emily Bay and Slaughter Bay open into the Kingston lagoon and reefs and the broad expanse of Sydney Bay. Eastwards, Cemetery Bay opens directly into the South Pacific Ocean.

Climate

Climate data for Kingston
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 26
(78)		 25
(77)		 24
(76)		 23
(73)		 21
(69)		 19
(67)		 18
(65)		 18
(65)		 19
(67)		 21
(69)		 22
(72)		 24
(75)		 21.7
(71.1)
Average low °C (°F) 19
(67)		 20
(68)		 19
(67)		 18
(65)		 16
(61)		 16
(60)		 14
(57)		 13
(56)		 14
(57)		 16
(60)		 17
(62)		 18
(65)		 16.7
(62.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 84
(3.3)		 109
(4.3)		 94
(3.7)		 130
(5)		 145
(5.7)		 140
(5.5)		 155
(6.1)		 137
(5.4)		 94
(3.7)		 94
(3.7)		 66
(2.6)		 86
(3.4)		 1,334
(52.4)
Source: Weatherbase [2]

History

The town was founded on 6 March 1788 by Lieutenant Philip Gidley King and 22 settlers (including 9 male and 6 female convicts) who landed that day from HMT Supply.[3] They had sailed from Port Jackson just a few weeks after the establishment of the British colony of New South Wales. The settlement was initially known as Sidney or Sydney Bay, and by 1796 was being called the Town of Sydney,[4] in honour of Viscount Sydney, British Home Secretary and patron of the First Fleet. King established a house on the hill over the town, but the mass of roots in the ground caused him to call it "rooty hill",[5] which name was also later transferred to Rooty Hill, New South Wales when King later established a house there.

Urban form

The old town dating from 1788 occupies several winding irregular lanes at the head of Kingston Pier. The modern town, as laid out by the Royal Engineers during the 1830s, consists of a Roman-style grid plan. There are two long east west roads: Bay Street along the foreshore and Quality Row, the town's principal thoroughfare, along the foothills. These two boulevards are connected by short cross streets of Pier Street, Bounty Street and the former Bligh Street (now part of the drive to Government House).[6] Small stone bridges carry these streets across Watermill Creek. Four roads wind up country from the edges of the grid: Country Road, Middlegate Road, Rooty Hill Road and Driver Christian Road. All the buildings are located either in the old town or along Quality Row, with the exception of Government House which is located on a small knoll called Dove's Plot Hill. The middle and west of the plain forms the Kingston Common and Kingston Recreation Ground, with the golf links occupying the eastern end, and Kingston Cemetery in the north-east. This broad greensward with the Kingston swamp in its centre separates the two long boulevards.

Municipal governance

There is no level of municipal governance in Norfolk Island, and the town has no formal boundaries. Municipal functions such as rubbish collection and maintaining public toilets and beachside change rooms are undertaken by the Kingston and Arthurs Vale Historic Area Conservation & Maintenance Team. The town has no distinctive emblems or civic heraldry.

Nearby towns and hamlets

The town of Burnt Pine is about 3 km (1.9 mi) to the north-west, and the hamlet of Middlegate is about 2 km (1.2 mi) to the north. The uninhabited Nepean Island and Philip Island dominate the sea view from Kingston.

World Heritage Area

Kingston is in the centre of the Kingston and Arthurs Vale Historic Area, which was inscribed on the World Heritage List on 31 July 2010 as one of the group of eleven Australian Convict Sites.

Notable sites in Kingston and nearby

  • Causeway to HMS Sirius wrecksite, 1790 (exposed at low tide)
  • Marine Barracks 1792, now Civil Hospital ruins 1831
  • Swamp Canal 1795
  • Stone building 1796, now the Guardhouse 1826
  • Government House 1804
  • Piper's Boatshed 1808, now the Double Boatshed 1826
  • Kingston Cemetery 1825
  • Commissariat Granary 1827, now the Crankmill ruin
  • Prisoner's Barracks 1829, now the Compound 1960s
  • The Officer's Bath 1832
  • Old Military Barracks 1832, now the Legislative Assembly 1979
  • Bounty Street Bridge 1832
  • Pier Street Bridge 1834
  • Commissariat Store 1835, now All Saints Church 1874
  • New Military Barracks 1836, now the Administration Offices 1926
  • Kingston Pier 1839
  • New Gaol ruins 1847
  • Salt House ruins 1848
  • Royal Engineer's Office 1851, now REO Cafe 1984
  • Queen Elizabeth Lookout 1974
  • Kingston Common
  • Emily Bay
  • Slaughter Bay
  • Cemetery Bay
  • Lone Pine and Point Hunter
  • Flagstaff Hill
  • Arthur's Vale[7]

Gallery

  • Kingston Pier, with launch towing a lighter with cargo from ship moored off-shore

  • Old lighters at the Kingston boatsheds

  • Crane on Kingston Pier unloading cargo from a lighter

References

  1. ↑ Buffett, Alice Inez, Speak Norfolk Today: An Encyclopedia of the Norfolk Island language, Himii Publishing, Norfolk Island 1999: 24
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Hoare, Merval, Norfolk Island: a revised and enlarged history 1774–1998, CQUP, Rockhampton 2003 (5th ed): 9–10
  4. ↑ 'View of the Town of Sydney, Norfolk Island', 1796, watercolour by WN Chapman, in Hoare, op.cit., plate 2
  5. ↑ Rooty Hill Road, Kingston, Norfolk Island, Google Maps, accessed 7 March 2013
  6. ↑ Baskerville, Bruce, 'Kingston: one of the South Pacific's oldest colonial towns', 2899 Norfolk Island Lifestyle Magazine, Vol 2, Issue 2, 2010: 47–52
  7. ↑ Smith, Nan, Convict Kingston: a guide, Nan Smith, Norfolk Island 1997


External links

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