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Japanese battleship Kongō

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For the earlier ironclad corvette, see Japanese ironclad Kongō. For the current JMSDF Kongō class destroyer, see JDS Kongō (DDG-173).
Kongo1944.png
Kongō in her 1944 configuration
History
Japanese Navy EnsignEmpire of Japan
Name: Kongō
Namesake: Mount Kongō
Ordered: 1911
Builder: Vickers Shipbuilding Company, Barrow-in-Furness
Laid down: 17 January 1911
Launched: 18 May 1912
Commissioned: 16 August 1913
Struck: 20 January 1945
Fate: Sunk by USS Sealion in the Formosa Strait, 21 November 1944
General characteristics
Class & type: Kongō-class battlecruiser
Displacement: 36,600 long tons (37,187 t)[1]
Length: 222 m (728 ft 4 in)[1]
Beam: 31 m (101 ft 8 in)[1]
Draught: 9.7 m (31 ft 10 in)[1]
Propulsion: Steam turbines, 4 shafts
Speed: 30 knots (35 mph; 56 km/h)[1]
Range: 10,000 nmi (19,000 km) at 14 kn (26 km/h)[1]
Complement: 1360
Armament:
Armor:
  • Decks: 2.3–1.5 in (58–38 mm) (later strengthened +101 mm on ammo storage, +76 mm on engine room)
  • Turrets: 9 in (230 mm)
  • Barbettes: 10 in (250 mm)
  • Belt: 8–11 in (200–280 mm)

Kongō (金剛, "indestructible", named for Mount Kongō) was a warship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War I and World War II. She was the first battlecruiser of the Kongō class, among the most heavily armed ships in any navy when built. Her designer was the British naval engineer George Thurston, and she was laid down in 1911 at Barrow-in-Furness in Britain by Vickers Shipbuilding Company. Kongō was the last Japanese capital ship constructed outside Japan. She was formally commissioned in 1913, and patrolled off the Chinese coast during World War I.

Kongō underwent two major reconstructions. Beginning in 1929, the Imperial Japanese Navy rebuilt her as a battleship, strengthening her armor and improving her speed and power capabilities. In 1935, her superstructure was completely rebuilt, her speed was increased, and she was equipped with launch catapults for floatplanes. Now fast enough to accompany Japan's growing carrier fleet, Kongō was reclassified as a fast battleship. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Kongō operated off the coast of mainland China before being redeployed to the Third Battleship Division in 1941. In 1942, she sailed as part of the Southern Force in preparation for the Battle of Singapore.

The Kongō fought in a large number of major naval actions of the Pacific War during World War II. She covered the Japanese Army's amphibious landings in British Malaya (part of present-day Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1942, before engaging American forces at the Battle of Midway and during the Guadalcanal Campaign. Throughout 1943, Kongō primarily remained at Truk Lagoon in the Caroline Islands, Kure Naval Base (near Hiroshima), Sasebo Naval Base (near Nagasaki), and Lingga Roads, and deployed several times in response to American aircraft carrier air raids on Japanese island bases scattered across the Pacific. The Kongō participated in the Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf in 1944 (October 22–23), engaging and sinking American vessels in the latter. The Kongō was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS Sealion while transiting the Formosa Strait on 21 November 1944. She was the only Japanese battleship sunk by submarine in the Second World War, and the last battleship sunk by submarine in history.[5]

Design and construction

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See also: Kongō-class battlecruiser

The Kongō was the first of the Imperial Japanese Navy's Kongō-class battlecruisers, which were almost as large, costly and well-armed as battleships, but which traded off armored protection for higher speeds. These were designed by the British naval engineer George Thurston[6] and were ordered in 1910 in the Japanese Emergency Naval Expansion Bill after the commissioning of HMS Invincible in 1908.[7] These four battlecruisers of the Kongō class were designed to match the naval capabilities of the battlecruisers of the other major naval powers at the time, and they have been called the battlecruiser versions of the British (formerly Turkish) battleship HMS Erin.[1][8] Their heavy armament of 14-inch naval guns and their armor protection (which took up about 23.3% of their approximately 30,000-ton displacements in 1913) were greatly superior to those of any other Japanese capital ship afloat at the time.[1][8]

The keel of the Kongō was laid down at Barrow-in-Furness by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering on 17 January 1911. Under Japan's contract with Vickers, the first vessel of the class was constructed in the United Kingdom, with the remainder built in Japan.[1] The Kongō was launched on 18 May 1912, and then transferred to the dockyards of Portsmouth, England, where her fitting-out began in mid-1912.[8] All parts used in her construction were manufactured in the U.K.[1] The Kongo was completed on 16 April 1913.[1]

Armament

The Kongō's main battery consisted of eight 14-inch (36 cm) heavy-caliber main naval guns in four twin turrets (two forward and two aft).[6] The turrets were noted by the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence to be "similar to the British 15-inch turrets",[9] with improvements made in flash-tightness. Each of her main guns could fire high explosive or armor-piercing shells 38,770 yards (19.14 nmi; 35.45 km) at a firing rate of about two shells per minute.[10] In keeping with the Japanese doctrine of deploying more powerful vessels before their opponents, the Kongō and her sister ships were the first vessels in the world equipped with 14-inch (36 cm) guns.[11] Her main guns carried ammunition for 90 shots, and they had an approximate barrel lifetime of 250 to 280 shots.[9] In 1941, separate dyes were introduced for the armor-piercing shells of the four Kongō-class battleships to assist with targeting, with the Kongō's armor-piercing shells using red dye.[9]

The secondary battery of the Kongō originally consisted of sixteen 6-inch (15 cm) 50 caliber guns in single casemates (all located amidships),[8] eight 3-inch (7.6 cm) guns, and eight submerged 21-inch (53 cm) torpedo tubes.[6] ("50 calibre" means that the lengths of the guns were 50 times their bore, or 300 inches.) Her six-inch naval guns could fire five to six rounds per minute, with a barrel lifetime of about 500 rounds.[2] The 6-inch/50 calibre gun was capable of firing both antiaircraft and antiship shells, though the positioning of these guns on the Kongō made antiaircraft firing mostly impractical.[8] During her second reconstruction, the older three-inch guns were removed and then replaced with eight 5-inch (13 cm) 5-inch/40 calibre dual-purpose guns. These guns could fire from eight to 14 rounds per minute, with a barrel lifetime of about 800 to 1,500 rounds.[12] Of Kongō's guns, the 5-inch guns had the widest variety of shell types: antiaircraft, antiship, and illumination shells.[12] The Kongō was also armed with a large number of 1-inch (2.5 cm) antiaircraft machine guns. By October 1944, the Kongō's secondary armament was reconfigured to eight 6-inch (15 cm) guns, eight 5-inch (13 cm) guns, and 122 Type 96 antiaircraft rapid-fire cannons.[13]

Service history

1913–1929: Battlecruiser

Kongō in her battlecruiser configuration, pre-1927.

On 16 August 1913, the Kongō was completed and commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy (I.J.N.). Twelve days later, she departed from Portsmouth headed for Japan.[14] She was docked at Singapore from 20 October to the 27th, before arriving at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 5 November, where she was placed in First Reserve.[7] In January 1914, she docked at Kure Naval Base for armament checks. On 3 August 1914, the German Empire declared war on France and then invaded via Belgium, sparking the beginning of World War I in the West. Twelve days later, Japan issued a warning to Kaiser Wilhelm II of the German Empire, ordering him to withdraw the German troops from their base at Tsingtao, China. When the German Empire did not respond, Japan declared war on Germany on 23 August, occupying the former German possessions in the Caroline Islands, Palau Islands, Marshall Islands, and Marianas Islands.[7] The Kongō was quickly deployed towards the Central Pacific to patrol the sea lines of communication of the German Empire. The Kongō returned to the port of Yokosuka, Japan, on 12 September, and one month later, she was assigned to the First Battleship Division. In October, the Kongō and her new sister ship Hiei sortied off the Chinese coast in support of Japanese army units during the Siege of Tsingtao. Then the Kongō returned to Sasebo Naval Base for upgrades to her searchlights. On 3 October 1915, the Kongō and the Hiei participated in the sinking of the old Imperator Nikolai I as a practice target. She was a Russian pre-dreadnought that had been captured in 1905 during the Russo-Japanese War that had next served as an I.J.N. warship.[15] With the defeat of the German East Asia Squadron by the Royal Navy at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, there was little or no need for I.J.N. operations in the Pacific Ocean. The Kongō spent the rest of World War I either based at Sasebo, or on patrol off the coast of China.[7] In December 1918, following the end of the hostilities of World War I, the Kongō was placed in "Second Reserve". In April 1919, she was fitted with a new seawater flooding system for her ammunition magazines.[7]

With the conclusion of World War I, and the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty on 6 February 1922, the size of the I.J.N. was significantly limited, with a ratio of 5:5:3 required between the capital ships of the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Japanese Empire, since the latter was only responsible for one ocean, rather than the two of the other country, and fewer warships for France and Italy.[16] This Treaty also banned the signatories from building any new capital ships until 1931, with no capital ship permitted to exceed 35,000 long tons (36,000 t) in displacement.[17] Provided that new additions did not exceed 3,000 tons of displacement, the existing capital ships were allowed to be upgraded with improved anti-torpedo bulges and armored main decks.[17] By the time that the Washington Naval Treaty had been fully implemented in Japan, only three classes of World War I type capital ships remained active: the Ise-class battleships, the Kongō-class battlecruisers, and the Fusō-class battleships.[18]

In April 1923, Kongō gave transportation to Emperor Hirohito during his official visit to the Japanese possession of Taiwan. In November 1924, the Kongo docked at Yokosuka, where modifications were made to her main armament, increasing the elevation of her main guns and improving her fire-control systems. In 1927, the Kongō underwent major modifications to her superstructure, rebuilding it into the pagoda mast style to accommodate the growing number of fire-control systems for her main guns.[19] In May 1928, her steering equipment was upgraded, before she was placed in reserve in preparation for major modifications and reconstruction in 1929–31.[7]

1929–1935: Reconstruction into battleship

Kongō in 1931, following her first reconstruction

Prohibited by the Washington Treaty from constructing new capital ships until 1931, Japan resorted to upgrading their World War I era battleships and battlecruisers. Beginning in September 1929, the Kongō underwent extensive modernization and modification in drydock at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal.[8] Over the next two years, the Kongō's horizontal armor near her ammunition magazines was strengthened, and the machinery spaces within the hull were given increased torpedo protection.[13] Anti-torpedo bulges were added along the waterline, as permitted by the Washington Treaty.[8] She was refitted to accommodate three Type 90 Model 0 floatplanes, though no aircraft catapults were fitted.[13] To increase her speed and power, all 36 of her Yarrow boilers were removed, and then replaced with 16 newer boilers, and Brown-Curtis direct-drive turbines were installed.[13] The Kongō's forward funnel was removed, and her second funnel was enlarged and lengthened. The modifications to her hull increased her armor weight from 6,502 to 10,313 long tons, directly violating the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty.[8] In March 1931, the Kongō—now capable of a speed of 29 knots (54 km/h)—was reclassified as a battleship.[13]

On 22 April 1930, Japan signed the London Naval Treaty, placing further restrictions on the signatories' naval forces. Several of her older battleships were scrapped, and no new capital ships were built as replacements.[20] After minor fitting-out work, the Kongō's reconstruction begun in September 1929 and was declared complete on 31 March 1931. On 1 December 1931, two months after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, the Kongō was assigned to the First Battleship Division and also designated the flagship of the Combined Fleet. Additional rangefinders and searchlights were fitted to her superstructure in January 1932, and Captain Nobutake Kondō assumed command of the vessel in December. In 1933, aircraft catapults were fitted between the two rear turrets.[7]

On 25 February 1933, following a report by the Lytton Commission, the League of Nations agreed that Japan's invasion of China had violated Chinese sovereignty.[20] Refusing to accept the judgement of this organization, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations on the same day.[20] Japan also immediately withdrew from the Washington Naval Treaty and the London Naval Treaty, thus removing all restrictions on the numbers and sizes of her capital warships.[21] In November 1934, the Kongō was placed in Second Reserve in preparation for further modifications. On 10 January 1935, the Kongō was toured by the Nazi German naval attaché to Japan, Captain Paul Wenneker, as part of a gunnery demonstration.[7]

1935–1941: Fast battleship

On 1 June 1935, the Kongō was dry-docked at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal in preparation for upgrades that would enable her to escort Japan's growing fleet of aircraft carriers. Her stern was lengthened by 26 feet (7.9 m) to improve her fineness ratio and her 16 older boilers were removed and then replaced with 11 oil-fired Kampon Boilers and newer geared turbines.[8] In addition, her bridge was completely reconstructed according to Japan's pagoda mast style of forward superstructure,[13] and catapults were added to support three Nakajima E8N or Kawanishi E7K reconnaissance and spotter floatplanes.[4]

The Kongō's armor was also extensively upgraded. Her main belt was strengthened to a uniform thickness of eight inches (up from varying thicknesses of six to eight inches), and also diagonal bulkheads of depths ranging from 5 to 8 inches (127 to 203 mm) were added to reinforce the main armored belt.[22] The turret armor was strengthened to 10 inches (254 mm), while 4 inches (102 mm) were added to portions of the deck armor.[22] The Kongō's ammunition magazine protection was also strengthened to 4.0 inches (10 cm).[8] This reconstruction was finished on 8 January 1937.[1] Capable of greater than 30 knots (56 km/h), despite the significant increase in her hull displacement, the Kongō was now reclassified as a fast battleship.[13]

In February 1937, the Kongō was assigned to the Sasebo Naval District, and in December she was placed under the command of Takeo Kurita in the Third Battleship Division. In April 1938, two float planes from the Kongō bombed the Chinese town of Foochow during the Second Sino-Japanese War.[7] Throughout 1938 and 1939, the Kongō steamed off the Chinese coast in support of Japanese Army operations during the war. In November 1939, Captain Raizo Tanaka assumed command of the Kongō. From November 1940 to April 1941, additional armor was added to the Kongō's armament barbettes and ammunition tubes, while ventilation and firefighting equipment was also improved. In August 1941, she was assigned to the Third Battleship Division under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa alongside her fully modified sister warships the Hiei, Kirishima and the Haruna.[7]

1942: Early war service

The Kongō and the Haruna departed from the Hashirajima fleet anchorage on 29 November 1941 to begin the War in the Pacific as part of the Southern (Malay) Force's Main Body, under the overall command of Vice-Admiral Nobutake Kondō.[23] On 4 December 1941, the Main Body arrived off the coast of southern Thailand and northern Malaya in preparation for the invasion of Thailand and the Malayan Peninsula four days later.[24] When Britain's "Force Z"—consisting of the battleship Prince of Wales and the battlecruiser Repulse—was quickly defeated by Japan's land-based aircraft from southern Vietnam, the Kongō's battlegroup withdrew from Malayan waters. This battlegroup subsequently sortied from Indochina for three days in mid-December to protect a reinforcement convoy traveling to Malaya, and again on 18 December to cover the Japanese Army's landing at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, in the Philippines. The Main Body departed Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina on 23 December bound for Taiwan, arriving two days later.[7] In January 1942, the Kongō and the heavy cruisers Takao and Atago provided distant cover for air attacks on Ambon Island.[7]

On 21 February, the Kongō was joined by the Haruna, four fast aircraft carriers, five heavy cruisers and numerous support ships in preparation for "Operation J", Japan's invasion of the Dutch East Indies. On 25 February, the Third Battleship Division provided cover for air attacks on the Island of Java.[8] The Kongō bombarded Christmas Island off the western coast of Australia on 7 March 1942, and then she returned to Staring-baai for 15 days of standby alert.[7] In April 1942, the Kongō joined five fleet carriers in attacks on Colombo and Trincomalee on Ceylon.[25] Following the destruction of the British heavy cruisers HMS Dorsetshire and HMS Cornwall on 5 April 1942, this naval task force moved southwest to locate the remainder of the British Eastern Fleet, then under the command of Admiral James Somerville.[26] On 9 April, one of Haruna's reconnaissance seaplanes spotted the HMS Hermes south of Trincomalee. On the same day, Japanese air attacks sank the carrier,[26] and the Kongō was attacked but missed by nine British medium bombers. Having crippled the offensive capability of Britain's Eastern Fleet, the Third Battleship Division returned to Japan. The Kongō reached Sasebo on 22 April. From 23 April to 2 May, the Kongō was drydocked for reconfiguration of her antiaircraft armament.[7]

On 27 May 1942, the Kongō sortied with the Hiei and the heavy cruisers Atago, Chōkai, Myōkō, and Haguro as part of Admiral Nobutake Kondō's invasion force during the Battle of Midway.[7][23] Following the disastrous loss of four of the Combined Fleet's fast carriers on 4 June 1942, Kondō's force withdrew to Japan.[27] On 14 July she was assigned as the flagship of the restructured Third Battleship Division. In August, the Kongō was drydocked at Kure to receive surface-detection radar and additional range finders.[4] In September, the Kongō embarked with the Hiei, the Haruna, the Kirishima, three carriers, and numerous smaller warships in response to the U.S. Marine Corps's amphibious landing on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. On 20 September, this task force was ordered to return to the Truk Naval Base in the Central Pacific north of the equator.[28]

In the aftermath of the Battle of Cape Esperance, the Japanese Army opted to reinforce its troops on Guadalcanal. To protect their transport convoy from enemy air attack, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto sent the Haruna and the Kongō, escorted by one light cruiser and nine destroyers, to bombard the American air base as Henderson Field. Because of their high speeds, these two battleships could bombard the airfield and then withdraw before being subjected to air attack from either land-based warplanes or American aircraft carriers.[29] On the night of 13 – 14 October, these two battleships shelled the area of Henderson Field from a distance of about 16,000 yards (15,000 m), firing 973 14-inch high-explosive shells. In the most successful Japanese battleship action of the war,[23] the bombardment heavily damaged both runways, destroyed almost all of the U.S. Marines' aviation fuel, destroyed or damaged 48 of the Marines' 90 warplanes, and killed 41 Marines.[30] A large Japanese troop and supply convoy reached Guadalcanal on the next day.[29]

During the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands on 26 October 1942, the Kongō was attacked by four TBF Avenger torpedo bombers, but she received no hits. In mid-November, this battleship and other warships provided distant cover for the unsuccessful mission by the I.J.N. to bombard Henderson Field again and to deliver more Army reinforcements to Guadalcanal. On 15 November 1942, following the Japanese defeat and the sinking of the Hiei and Kirishima during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, the Third Battleship Division returned to Truk, where it remained for the rest of 1942.[7]

1943: Movement between bases

an American intelligence drawing of Kongō from the starboard side, giving particular shaded emphasis to her main and secondary guns
A drawing from the US Office of Naval Intelligence from 1944 or 1945 depicting the Kongō-class battleship

Throughout 1943, the Kongō engaged no enemy targets. In late January 1943, she participated in "Operation Ke" as part of a diversionary and distant covering force to support I.J.N. destroyers that were evacuating Army troops from Guadalcanal.[31] During the 15th through 20 February 1943, the Third Battleship Division was transferred from Truk to the Kure Naval Base. On 27 February, the Kongō was drydocked to receive upgrades to her antiaircraft armament, with the additions of two triple 25-mm gun mounts and the removal of two of her 6-inch turrets, while additional concrete protection was added near her steering gear.[4] On 17 May 1943, in response to the U.S. Army's invasion of Attu Island, the Kongō sortied alongside Musashi, the Third Battleship Division, two fleet carriers, two cruisers, and nine destroyers. Three days later, the American submarine USS Sawfish spotted this naval task force, but she was unable to attack it. On 22 May 1943, the task force arrived in Yokosuka, where it was joined by an additional three fleet carriers and two light cruisers. This force was disbanded when Attu fell to the U.S. Army before the necessary preparations for a counterattack had been finished.[7]

On 17 October 1943, the Kongō again left Truk as part of a larger task force consisting of five battleships, three fleet carriers, eight heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and numerous destroyers. These sortied in response to U.S. Navy air raids on Wake Island. No contact between the two forces was made, and the Japanese task force returned to Truk on 26 October 1943. She soon left Truk for home waters, and on 16 December 1943, the Kongō arrived at Sasebo for refits and training in the Inland Sea.[8]

1944: Combat and loss

Kongō under attack during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, 20 June 1944

In January 1944, Kongō was dry-docked for a reconfiguration of her anti-aircraft suite. Four 6-inch guns and a pair of twin 25-mm mounts were removed and replaced with four 5-inch guns and four triple 25-mm mounts.[4] The Third Battleship Division departed Kure on 8 March 1944. Arriving at Lingga on 14 March 1944, the division remained for training until 11 May 1944.[7] On 11 May 1944, Kongō and Admiral Ozawa's Mobile Fleet departed Lingga for Tawitawi, where they were joined by Vice-Admiral Takeo Kurita's "Force C". On 13 June, Ozawa's Mobile Fleet departed Tawitawi for the Mariana Islands.[32] During the Battle of the Philippine Sea, Kongō escorted Japanese fast carriers, and remained undamaged in counterattacks from US carrier aircraft on 20 June.[5] When she returned to Japan, 13 triple and 40 single 25-mm mounts were added to her anti-aircraft armament, for a total of over 100 mounts. In August, two more 6-inch guns were removed and another eighteen single mounts installed.[4]

In October 1944, Kongō departed Lingga in preparation for "Operation Sho-1", Japan's counterattack during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval engagement in history.[33] On 24 October, Kongō was undamaged by several near misses from American carrier aircraft in the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea. On 25 October, during the Battle off Samar, Kongō—as part of Admiral Kurita's Centre Force—engaged the US 7th Fleet's "Taffy 3", a battlegroup of escort carriers and destroyers. She succeeded in scoring numerous hits on the escort carrier Gambier Bay as well as the destroyers Hoel and Heermann. At 09:12, she sank the destroyer escort Samuel B. Roberts. After a fierce defensive action by the American ships, which sank three Japanese heavy cruisers, Admiral Kurita elected to withdraw, ending the battle.[34] While retreating, Kongō suffered damage from five near misses from attacking aircraft. The fleet arrived at Brunei on 28 October.[7]

On 16 November, following a US air raid on Brunei, Kongō along with Yamato, Nagato and the rest of the First Fleet, departed Brunei for Kure in preparation for a major reorganization of the fleet and battle repairs. On 20 November, they entered the Formosa Strait. Shortly after midnight on 21 November, the submarine USS Sealion made radar contact with the fleet at 44,000 yards.[35] Maneuvering into position at 02:45, Sealion fired six bow torpedoes at Kongō followed by three stern torpedoes at Nagato fifteen minutes later. One minute after the first salvo was launched, two of the torpedoes were seen to hit Kongō on the port side, while a third sank the destroyer Urakaze with all hands.[7] The torpedoes flooded two of Kongō's boiler rooms, but she was still able to make 16 knots (18 mph). By 05:00, she had slowed to 11 kn (13 mph) and was given permission to break off from the fleet and head to the port of Keelung in Formosa along with the destroyers Hamakaze and Isokaze as escort.

Within fifteen minutes of detaching from the main force, Kongō was listing 45 degrees and flooding uncontrollably. At 5:18 the ship lost all power and the order was given to abandon ship. At 5:24, while the evacuation was underway, the forward 14-inch magazine exploded and the broken ship sank quickly with the loss of over 1,200 of her crew including the commander of the Third Battleship Division and her captain.[5] The escort destroyers Hamakaze and Isokaze rescued 237 survivors.

Kongō is believed to have sunk in 350 feet (110 m) of water approximately 55 nautical miles northwest of Keelung. She was one of only three British-built battleships sunk by submarine attack during World War II. The other two were the British Revenge-class battleship HMS Royal Oak and the Queen Elizabeth-class battleship HMS Barham.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Gardiner and Gray (1980), p. 234
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Stille (2008), p. 17
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Stille (2008), p. 18
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Stille (2007), p. 20
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 Jackson (2008), p. 27
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Jackson (2000), p. 48
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Stille (2008), p. 16.
  14. ↑ Stille (2008), p. 14
  15. ↑ McLaughlin (2003), pp. 44–45
  16. ↑ Jackson (2000), p. 67.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Jackson (2000), p. 68.
  18. ↑ Jackson (2000), p. 69
  19. ↑ Stille (2008), p. 15
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Jackson (2000), p. 72.
  21. ↑ Willmott (2002), p. 35
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 McCurtie (1989), p. 185.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Stille (2008), p. 19
  24. ↑ Willmott (2002), p. 56
  25. ↑ Boyle (1998), p. 368
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Boyle (1998), p. 370
  27. ↑ Schom (2004), p. 296
  28. ↑ Willmott (2002), p. 100
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Schom (2004), p. 382
  30. ↑ Swanston (2007), p. 220
  31. ↑ Swanston (2007), p. 223
  32. ↑ Willmott (2002), p. 141
  33. ↑ Steinberg (1980), p. 49
  34. ↑ Boyle (1998), p. 508
  35. ↑ Wheeler (1980), p. 183

References

  • Boyle, David (1998). World War II in Photographs. London. Rebo Productions. ISBN 1-84053-089-8.
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  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Jackson, Robert (2000). The World's Great Battleships. Dallas: Brown Books. ISBN 1-897884-60-5.
  • Jackson, Robert (editor) (2008). 101 Great Warships. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-905704-72-9.
  • McCurtie, Francis (1989) [1945]. Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. London: Bracken Books. ISBN 1-85170-194-X.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Schom, Alan (2004). The Eagle and the Rising Sun; The Japanese-American War, 1941–1943. New York: Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32628-4.
  • Steinberg, Rafael (1980) Return to the Philippines. New York: Time-Life Books Inc. ISBN 0-8094-2516-5.
  • Stille, Cdr Mark (2008). Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 1941–1945. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-280-6.
  • Swanston, Alexander & Swanston, Malcolm (2007). The Historical Atlas of World War II. London: Cartographica Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7858-2200-3.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Willmott, H.P. & Keegan, John [1999] (2002). The Second World War in the Far East. Smithsonian Books. ISBN 1-58834-192-5.

External links

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