Holden straight-six motor

The Holden straight-six motor is a series of straight-six engine that were produced by General Motors–Holden's in Australia between 1948 and 1986. Initially the Grey motor so dubbed because of the colour of the cylinder block, later motors came in the form of a Red, Blue, Black and the four-cylinder Starfire engine. These engines were fitted to all Australian-designed Holdens of the same years, and the four-cylinder Starfire notably found its way into the Toyota Corona (XT130). The grey motor is a different engine from the others. The Red, Blue, Black and even the Starfire are all inter-related with many common parts and castings.

Grey

File:Holden 48-215 1948 03.jpg

132.5 cubic inches (2.2 L) Grey motor in a 1948–1953 48-215

The Grey motor, built between 1948 and 1962, earned its name as the engine block was painted grey. This overhead valve engine was first fitted to the Holden 48-215 and mated to a three-speed column change gearbox. A three-speed GM Roto-Hydramatic 240 automatic transmission was an option fitted in the latter EK and EJ series. The engine was based on a Buick pre-World War II design, and saw only minor changes throughout its 15-year life.

It displaced in its original form as used by the 48-215 (1948), and remaining in use until the FC. Holden replaced the FC in 1960 with the FB series, and its engine was bored out to . It developed 60 brake horsepower (45 kW) at 5000 rpm, providing superior performance to the competing four-cylinder Austin, Morris, Vauxhall and Ford of Britain vehicles. The grey motor featured a compression ratio (7.5:1, low stress design with a view to high reliability. Due to sheer ubiquity, they were popular for racing, and were fitted to many open-wheelers, as well as racing Holdens. With the engines' low-end torque, they also found their way into boats and machinery such as forklift trucks.

This engine ran a seven-port non-crossflow cast-iron cylinder head. There were three Siamese (shared) inlet ports for cylinders 1–2, 3–4 and 5–6, two individual exhaust ports for cylinders 1 and 6, and two siamese exhaust ports for cylinders 2–3 and 4–5 in a layout on one side of the head casting. The inlets were fed by a single-barrel Stromberg carburettor in common and fitted with a traditional Kettering ignition by coil and distributor. The electric system was six volts in the 48-215 and FJ. The earliest grey motors (approximately 100,000) were fitted with Delco-Remy accessories, although Lucas and Bosch equivalents throughout the motor’s lifetime replaced these.

The very first production grey motor (1948) was number 1001, and they continued in a single sequence until July 1956, when the prefix "L" was introduced. The change affected all engines numbered L283373 and above, signifying the 12-volt negative-earth engines as fitted to the all new FE model. The prefix "U" was introduced for motors with the original electricals as fitted to the FJ utility and panel van models, which ended in February and May 1957 respectively. The change was effective from engine U283384. The prefix "B" was introduced and the number sequence reset with the introduction of the 138 cubic inches (2.3 L) displacement engine, and ultimately this was replaced by a "J" prefix for motors fitted to EJ vehicles in 1962.

Applications

• 1948–1953 Holden FX
  • 1948–1953 Holden 48-215 (sedan)
  • 1951–1953 50-2106 (coupé utility)
  • 1953 48-215-257 (business/taxi sedan, sometimes abbreviated to 48-217)
• 1953–1956 Holden FJ
• 1956–1958 Holden FE
• 1958–1960 Holden FC
• 1960–1961 Holden FB
• 1961–1962 Holden EK
• 1962–1963 Holden EJ

Red

Red engine
Overview
Production	1963–1980
Combustion chamber
Configuration	Straight-six
Displacement	130 cubic inches (2,130 cc) 138 cubic inches (2,262 cc) 149 cubic inches (2,447 cc) 161 cubic inches (2,639 cc) 173 cubic inches (2,835 cc) 179 cubic inches (2,940 cc) 186 cubic inches (3,049 cc) 202 cubic inches (3,298 cc)
Cylinder bore
Piston stroke
Valvetrain	OHV
Combustion
Cooling system	Water-cooled

Holden Red motor (1971–1974 HQ series)

Engine	Displacement	Compression	Power		Torque
			bhp	kW	ft·lb	N·m
173 cu in Red I6	2.8 litres (2,835 cc)	Low	112	84	160	220
		High	118	88	168	228
202 cu in Red I6	3.3 litres (3,298 cc)	Low	129	96	190	260
		High	135	101	194	263

Superseding the Grey motor, the Red motor was manufactured between 1963 and 1980. This was a completely new engine and in no way a further development of the grey motor. It featured a seven-bearing crankshaft, full flow oil filter and hydraulic valve lifters. Denoted by the cylinder block painted red, the engine made its debut in the Holden EH in capacities of 149 cubic inches (2,447 cc) and 179 cubic inches (2.93 L) (or HP) producing 100 brake horsepower (75 kW) and 115 brake horsepower (86 kW) respectively. This was a power increase of 33 per cent and 53 per cent over the grey motor.

Red six-cylinder engines manufactured after October 1964 had the cubic inch capacity of the engine cast in raised numbers on the side of the block behind the generator/alternator location. Red engines manufactured prior to October 1964 had either no numbers cast (meaning that it was a 149-cubic-inch engine) or the letters "HP" cast (meaning that it was a 179-cubic-inch engine). All Red engines manufactured prior to April 1967 had forged steel crankshafts. This includes all 149 and 179 ci engines, and 161 and 186 ci engines manufactured before that date.

Capacities

• 130 – South Africa, et al. HQ export
• 138 – LC Torana
• 149
• 161
• 173
• 179
• 186
• 202

Applications

Holden Standard, Special, Premier (1963–1968)

• 1963–1965 Holden EH
• 1965–1966 Holden HD
• 1966–1968 Holden HR

Holden Belmont, Kingswood, Premier (1968–1980)

• 1968–1969 Holden HK
• 1969–1970 Holden HT
• 1970–1971 Holden HG
• 1971–1974 Holden HQ
• 1974–1976 Holden HJ
• 1976–1977 Holden HX
• 1977–1980 Holden HZ

Holden Commodore (1978–1980)

• 1978–1980 Holden VB Commodore

Holden Torana (1969–1979)

• 1969–1971 Holden LC Torana
• 1972–1974 Holden LJ Torana
• 1974–1975 Holden LH Torana
• 1976–1978 Holden LX Torana
• 1978–1979 Holden UC Torana

Bedford (1971–1979)

• 1971–1979 Bedford CF (Australasian models only)

Blue

File:Holden Commodore SLX (1981-1984 VH series) 04.jpg

3.3-litre Blue motor in a 1981–1984 VH Commodore

The Blue specification debuted in the 1980 VC Commodore.

The blue motor was a development of the earlier red engine, and incorporated several improvements. The biggest of these changes was the complete redesign of the cylinder head; this was now a 12 port design with individual ports for each cylinder. The crankshaft for the 3.3-litre engine now had counterweights on each throw, and stronger connecting rods were used. A two-barrel Varajet carburettor was standard, as was a dual outlet exhaust manifold and a Bosch HEI distributor. It was made in 3.3- and 2.85-litre versions.

Applications

• 1980–1985 Holden WB
• 1980–1981 Holden VC Commodore
• 1981–1984 Holden VH Commodore

Black

The Black specification was introduced in the 1984 VK Commodore. The black engine was produced in 3.3-litre form in carbureted versions. The carbureted engine was almost identical to the previous blue engine, the main difference being in the use of computer controlled spark timing (EST) taking its timing pick-up from the flywheel area. The ports were slightly wider spaced, meaning the manifolds will not simply interchange. The Bosch-injected version used a long-runner intake manifold and a conventional HEI ignition. It also had slightly different cylinder head intake ports for improved breathing.This engine was painted Red, slightly redder than the earlier "red" motors which looked orange compared to the VK FI motor.

In the 1986 VL Commodore, Holden replaced the Australian-made and designed six-cylinder engines with the Nissan RB30 and RB20E engines. Pending emission standards and the requirement for unleaded fuel made it difficult to re-engineer the Australian engine.

Applications

• 1984–1986 Holden VK Commodore

Starfire

File:1976 Holden LX Torana Sunbird sedan 04.jpg

1.9-litre Starfire motor in a 1976 LX Sunbird

This 1.9-litre (1,892 cc) powerplant, known as the Starfire engine, was effectively Holden's existing 2.85-litre 173 cu in straight-six with two cylinders removed. Designed and built in Australia to satisfy local content rules, it first appeared in 1978 during the UC Sunbird's production run, replacing the Opel 1.9L cam-in-head unit used in LH, LX and earlier UC Torana/Sunbird 4-cylinder models.

Peak power output for the Starfire was 58 kilowatts (78 hp), with a 17.5 second acceleration time from 0–100 kilometres (0–62 mi) in the VC Commodore. This variant's performance meant the need to push the engine hard leading to fuel consumption similar to the straight-sixes. Due to this, it was often nicknamed as Misfire or Backfire. This engine was replaced in the Australian market by the Camira's OHC Camtech unit, however it continued until 1986 in New Zealand, where it was used to power 4-cylinder versions of the VK Commodore.

Applications

• 1978–1980 Holden UC Sunbird
• 1980–1981 Holden VC Commodore
• 1981–1984 Holden VH Commodore
• 1984–1986 Holden VK Commodore (New Zealand)
• 1979–1982 Toyota Corona (XT130)

See also

• Holden V8 engine
• Nissan RB engine (Straight six used in the Holden VL Commodore)
• List of GM engines