Historical urban community sizes

These are estimated populations of historical cities over time. Note that there are several problems with estimating the sizes of individual cities, and the highest estimates for a given city, in a given period, may be several times the lowest.

Neolithic settlements

Further information: Neolithic architecture

Town	7000 BC	6000 BC	5000 BC	4000 BC	3800 BC	3700 BC
'Ain Ghazal	2,500
Beidha	1,000
Çatalhöyük	1,650 – 10,000 2,500 1,000	3,000
Choirokoitia	300-600	2,000
Jericho	400 – 2,000
Lepenski Vir		150 – 1,000
Nea Nikomedeia		500 – 700
Okoliste			1,000-3,000
Vinča-Belo Brdo			2,000 – 2,500
Sesklo			1,000 – 5000
Dobrovody				16,000	10,000-16,000
Fedorovka				6,000
Mehrgarh	1,000- 10,000
Maydanets					10,000	10,000-29,000-46,000
Nebelivka				17,000
Talianki					15,000-25,000-30,000	10,000-15,000
Tell Brak			4,000	5,000
Uruk				5,000

Bronze Age

Further information: Cities of the Ancient Near East

Table 1: 3700-2600 BC

City	3700 BC	3400 BC	3100 BC	2800 BC	2600 BC
Adab				11,000
Anshan			10,000	10,000
Bad-tibira				16,000
Eridu	6,000-10,000
Habuba Kabira			6,000-8,000
Harappa					35,000
Kish				40,000
Lagash					40,000
Larak/Larsa	10,000	10,000
Manika, Greece				6,000-15,000	6,000-15,000
Memphis			30,000
Mohenjo-daro					41,250
Nekhen		5,000-10,000
Nippur				13,000
Shahr-i Sokhta			20,000
Shuruppak				20,000
Suheri			13,000	10,000
Susa		8,000
Tell Brak		8,000	22,000	20,000
Thebes, Greece					4,000 6,000
Umma				26,000
Ur				6,000
Uruk	8,000 14,000	20,000	40,000 50,000	80,000	80,000

Table 2: 2500-1200 BC

City	2500 BC	2300 BC	2000 BC	1800 BC	1600 BC	1360 BC	1200 BC
Athens						10,000	10,000-15,000
Akrotiri (Santorini)					8,000-15,000-30,000
Adab	13,000	10,000	10,000	10,000
Akkad		36,000
Amarna
Anshan	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000
Avaris/Pi-Ramses					100,000		160,000
Babylon				65,000			80,000
Dur-Kurigalzu
Ebla		30,000
Erlitou				24,000 35,000
Harappa		10,000
Hattushash
Hazor
Heliopolis
Heracleopolis
Isin			40,000	20,000
Kerma
Kesh	11,000
Kish	25,000	10,000	40,000
Knossos	1,300 2,000		18,000		20,000-40,000-100,000	30,000
Lagash	40,000	10,000	30,000	10,000
Larak/Larsa	10,000		40,000	20,000
Manika, Greece	6,000 15,000	6,000 15,000
Malia					5,000-10,000-12,500
Mari
Memphis		30,000 35,000	60,000	30,000
Mohenjo-daro	20,000	20,000	10,000
Mozah	15,000	15,000
Mycenae		20,000				30,000 35,000
Namazga-Tepe		14,000	14,000
Nekhen					21,000
Niniveh
Nippur	20,000	10,000	10,000
Palaikastro					18,000
Shahr-i Sokhta	20,000	20,000
Shuruppak	17,000
Suheri	10,000	10,000	10,000
Susa			25,000	25,000
Taosi	10,000	14,000
Tell Brak	15,000	15,000
Tell Churra		20,000
Tell Leilan	20,000	20,000
Thebes			40,000	40,000		80,000	80,000
Thebes, Greece	4,000 6,000					8,000
Tiryns	1,200 1,800					10,000	10,000-15,000
Umma	34,000	20,000	10,000	20,000
Ur			60,000 65,000
Uruk	50,000				75,000
Yin (Anyang)							50,000 120,000
Zabala		10,000	10,000	10,000
Zhengzhou						35,000

Iron Age

Table 1: 1000-400 BC

City	1000 BC	900 BC	800 BC	700 BC	650 BC	600 BC	500 BC	430 BC	400 BC
Aegina							20,000 40,000		20,000 40,000
Anuradhapura	100,000
Anyi							100,000		100,000
Athens	2,500 – 5,000			5,000 – 10,000		70,000 – 100,000 – 130,000	150,000 – 350,000 – 610,000	150,000 – 168,000 160,000- 610,000	150,000 – 350,000 – 610,000
Agrigento							200,000 – 800,000	200,000 – 800,000	200,000 – 800,000
Argos							30,000 60,000		30,000 60,000
Ayodhya
Babylon	100,000 45,000		47,000			125,000	150,000	200,000	150,000
Benares
Capua							100,000		100,000
Calah / Nimrud
Cerveteri						25,000 40,000
Chicheng
Cuicuilco
Corinth							50,000-90,000-100,000	50,000-90,000-100,000	50,000-90,000-100,000
Crotone							50,000 80,000
Ecbatana
Haojing	100,000	125,000	125,000		33,000
Hastinapur
Jerusalem	40,000
Kerch									40,000
Kingchow
Kalḫu (Nimrud)			75,000
Kosambi					55,000
Kweiteh / Shangqiu
Linzi				55,000 100,000	80,000 100,000	65,000 100,000	80,000 100,000	60,000 200,000	100,000 200,000
Luoyang	35,000 55,000 100,000	40,000	45,000 50,000	55,000 100,000	70,000 100,000	65,000 100,000	200,000	200,000	100,000 240,000
Marib					45,000
Memphis	100,000
Miletus
Niniveh				100,000
Pataliputra / Patna									400,000
Populonia						25,000 40,000
Pyongyang
Tarquinia						20,000 25,000 40,000
Thebes, Greece							30,000 60,000		30,000 60,000
Qufu							100,000		100,000
Rome	4,440 11,100	10,920 34,200	24,240 60,600	24,240 60,600		80,000	115,000 130,000	134,000	152,000
Sais
Shangqiu							100,000		130,000
Sravasti	70,000						900,000
Sparta							40,000 50,000
Susa	40,000								200,000
Suzhou									100,000
Syracuse							200,000 – 800,000- 1,200,000	200,000 – 800,000 – 1,200,000	300,000
Sybaris							100,000 300,000
Taranto							300,000
Thebes	120,000 50,000	50,000
Vaisali
Veii						25,000 40,000 100,000
Volsinii						13,000 25,000 40,000
Vulci						15,000 25,000 40,000
Xiadu						100,000	100,000	320,000	300,000
Xintian							100,000
Xinzheng									100,000
Xue
Yong									100,000

Table 2: 300 BC-400 AD

City	300 BC	200 BC	100 BC	AD 1	AD 100	AD 200	AD 300	AD 361	AD 400
Alexandria	150,000	300,000 600,000	400,000		250,000			125,000
Augsburg				25,000 50,000	25,000 50,000	25,000 50,000
Antioch		120,000	400,000		150,000			150,000
Anuradhapura		68,000			130,000			72,000
Anyi	100,000
Athens	258,000 431,000 84,000		10,000		10,000 250,000
Autun				40,000 100,000	40,000 100,000
Arles									75,000 100,000
Ayodhya								63,000
Aquileia				100,000	100,000	100,000
Balkh	200,000			1,000,000				200,000
Carnuntum				50,000	50,000	50,000	50,000
Capua		300,000	100,000
Cádiz				100,000	100,000
Carthage	700,000	150,000			100,000
Chang'an / Xi'an		100,000 250,000 400,000	375,000 400,000	246,000 (CE 2) 400,000 500,000	81,000 100,000	120,000	140,000	80,000	100,000
Chengdu				100,000	70,000
Corinth				100,000 200,000 700,000	100,000 200,000 700,000
Cologne				40,000	40,000	40,000
Byzantium								300,000
Ctesiphon								250,000
Cuicuilco		36,000
Datong									100,000
El Mirador				200,000
Ephesus					250,000 400,000
Izapa		35,000
Kaveri								59,000
Linzi	125,000 350,000	100,000	100,000	100,000		100,000
London					30,000	45,000 60,000
Lugdunum				50,000 100,000 200,000	50,000 100,000 200,000	50,000 100,000 200,000
Luoyang	125,000 240,000	60,000		200,000	420,000		140,000 250,000		200,000
Milan				40,000		40,000			100,000
Nanjing		56,000			78,000		100,000	150,000	300,000
Nimes						40,000 60,000
Ostia Antica				20,000 50,000 100,000	20,000 50,000 100,000	50,000 100,000
Paithan		60,000			84,000
Patala					73,000
Pataliputra		350,000			69,000			150,000
Peshawar					120,000
Philippi				100,000
Pingcheng		88,000							200,000
Pozzuoli				50,000 100,000	50,000 100,000
Pyay								69,000
Qufu	100,000 125,000
Rhodes (city)	100,000 200,000	100,000
Rome	250,000 290,000	150,000 160,000 300,000	400,000	800,000 (CE 2) 1,000,000	450,000 1,000,000	1,000,000	800,000	750,000	800,000
Salona				60,000
Seleucia		200,000	400,000	250,000 (CE 2)	150,000 250,000
Shangqiu	100,000
Suzhou	100,000	66,000			95,000			58,000
Syracuse	300,000				80,000				10,000
Taxila		60,000
Teotihuacán		60,000- 80,000						90,000
Thessaloniki				200,000	200,000
Tikal								100,000
Tres Zapotes		30,000
Trier						75,000 100,000	75,000 100,000
Ujjain		94,000						80,000
Wanxian				100,000
Xiadu	300,000
Xianyang	100,000	300,000 100,000
Xinzheng	120,000 125,000
Xuchang							140,000
Ye							140,000	120,000	100,000

Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages: 500-999 AD

City	500	600	622	700	775	800	900
Aleppo			72,000
Athens	110,000
Alexandria			94,000				175,000
Angkor							90,000
Anhilpur							80,000
Antioch	150,000
Anuradhapura			70,000
Ayodhya	75,000
Badami			70,000
Baghdad					700,000	175,000 700,000 2,000,000	900,000 2,000,000
Bakhalal	45,000
Basra						100,000
Benares						49,000	59,000
Carthage	100,000
Chang'an / Xi'an	95,000 100,000 400,000	400,000 600,000	400,000	1,000,000	1,000,000	600,000 800,000 1,000,000	100,000 500,000 750,000 800,000
Chengdu			94,000	100,000		100,000
Chenla			70,000
Chunar							72,000
Constantinople	450,000 400,000 1,000,000	150,000	350,000 700,000	125,000	225,000	250,000	300,000 1,000,000
Copán						63,000
Cologne						15,000 20,000	21,000
Córdoba					135,000	160,000	175,000 200,000 500,000
Ctesiphon	400,000		500,000
Dali							100,000 90,000
Datong	200,000
El Tajín			40,000			40,000	50,000
Fanyang (Youzhou)						100,000
Fustat						100,000	150,000
Gao						72,000
Guangzhou				200,000		200,000
Gwalior	65,000
Jiankang	500,000
Jinyang (Taiyuan)				100,000		100,000
Kannauj			120,000			80,000	80,000
Kanchi	56,000		70,000			51,000
Kyoto					200,000	200,000 100,000	200,000
Lhasa						100,000
Luoyang	200,000 500,000	500,000	200,000	500,000		400,000 300,000	200,000 150,000
Madurai			70,000			70,000
Mainz						20,000
Mandsaur	63,000
Manyakheta							100,000
Naples				50,000
Nanjing	500,000 150,000
Nara						100,000
Patna / Pataliputra						74,000
Preslav							60,000
Prambanan						60,000	62,000
Pyay	73,000		100,000
Pliska						34,000
Ray			68,000
Regensburg						25,000
Rome	100,000	90,000				50,000
Seville	20,000	40,000		35,000		35,000	40,000
Sialkot	85,000
Suzhou	70,000	120,000		100,000		100,000 84,000	100,000 81,000
Teotihuacán	125,000		60,000
Thessaloniki	100,000	40,000		40,000		50,000	50,000
Tikal	45,000					40,000
Tula						41,000	50,000
Wuchang		100,000				84,000
Ye	200,000

Later Middle Ages: 1000–1399

City	1000	1100	1150	1200	1250	1300	1350
Angkor	200,000	125,000	140,000 1,000,000	150,000
Amalfi	80,000
Ani	100,000 200,000
Anhilpur	100,000	100,000	135,000
Bagan		100,000	150,000	180,000	180,000
Baghdad	125,000 1,200,000	150,000		250,000	150,000 1,000,000
Beijing				130,000	140,000	401,000	400,000
Cairo	135,000	150,000	175,000	200,000 250,000	300,000	400,000	350,000
Chang'an / Xi'an						118,000	114,000
Chunar	66,000
Cologne		21,000 50,000		50,000 60,000		50,000 60,000
Constantinople	300,000	200,000 250,000	200,000	150,000 250,000	100,000
Córdoba	200,000 450,000
Cuttack					100,000	90,000	90,000
Dali	100,000 90,000	100,000
Delhi					80,000	100,000	125,000
Dhar		80,000
Fanyang (Youzhou)	100,000
Fes		125,000	160,000	200,000	200,000	150,000	125,000
Florence	100,000				110,000
Gaur				60,000	90,000	100,000
Genoa	80,000				100,000
Ghent					65,000	65,000
Guangzhou					140,000	150,000	150,000
Hangzhou	80,000	90,000	145,000 800,000	255,000 1,000,000	320,000 1,000,000	432,000 800,000	432,000
Jinzhou	85,000
Kaifeng	400,000 432,000 1,000,000	442,000 1,000,000	150,000		1,000,000
Kalburgi							70,000
Kalyan		150,000	125,000
Kannauj	72,000	80,000	92,000
Kiev	45,000	100,000
Khajuraho (Kalinjar)				50,000
Khambhat				50,000	60,000
Kollam							60,000
Kyoto	300,000 175,000
London	5,000-10,000	10,000-20,000				50,000-100,000	25,000-50,000
Madurai						60,000
Manyakheta	71,000
Marrakech		150,000	150,000	150,000	125,000
Merv		200,000		500,000
Milan				90,000	150,000	200,000	200,000
Nabadwip			85,000
Nanjing			130,000	130,000	130,000	95,000
Nishapur	125,000
Palermo	350,000		150,000	150,000
Paris		50,000		110,000 – 160,000	80,000 160,000	228,000 – 300,000	215,000 – 300,000
Polonnaruwa				75,000
Puri			78,000	72,000
Ramavati		75,000
Rome				20,000		17,000	15,000
Sarai						600,000	120,000
Shangjing	140,000
Suzhou	100,000						96,000
Tabriz						125,000	100,000
Thanjavur	88,000
Thessaloniki	40,000	150,000	150,000	150,000	100,000 150,000	100,000 150,000	100,000 150,000
Venice	60,000			80,000	45,000	110,000
Veliky Novgorod	10,000 18,000			20,000 40,000		50,000 60,000 400,000
Vijayanagar							100,000
Warangal					63,000	80,000
Ypres					40,000 200,000

Renaissance: 1400–1599

City	1400	1450	1500	1550	1575
Agra					200,000
Ahmedabad			100,000	140,000
Ahmednagar				70,000
Antwerp				200,000	100,000
Bago				150,000	175,000
Beijing	150,000	600,000	672,000 1,000,000	690,000	706,000
Bursa		130,000
Bruges	40,000 125,000 200,000	40,000 125,000 200,000	40,000	40,000	40,000
Cairo	125,000 360,000	380,000	400,000	360,000	275,000
Chan Chan		60,000 – 100,000			5,000 – 10,000
Chang'an / Xi'an			127,000
Constantinople / Istanbul			200,000	660,000	680,000
Cuttack	75,000	100,000	140,000	90,000
Cusco			300,000
Delhi			80,000
Fes	125,000		130,000
Florence	45,000 60,000		60,000 70,000
Gao			60,000
Gaur		150,000	200,000
Genoa	80,000 100,000		150,000
Granada		165,000
Guangzhou	150,000	175,000	150,000	160,000	170,000
Gwalior				80,000
Hangzhou	1,500,000 235,000	250,000	250,000	260,000	260,000
Jaunpur		100,000
Kalburgi	90,000
Kano			50,000
Khambhat	60,000
Kollam	60,000
London			50,000-100,000
Mandu		70,000
Milan	125,000		80,000
Nanjing	487,000	150,000	157,000	182,000	188,000
Naples	100,000			209,000	215,000
Oyo-Ile			60,000
Paris	275,000 280,000	150,000	185,000 225,000	210,000	220,000 350,000
Samarkand	130,000
Seoul		125,000
Seville	15,000		60,000		129,400
Suzhou	129,000
Tabriz	150,000	200,000	250,000
Tenochtitlan			250,000
Texcoco			60,000
Venice	120,000 200,000		110,000	171,000
Vijayanagar	400,000	455,000	500,000	480,000

Early Modern era

City	1600	1650	1700	1750	1800	1825	1850	1875
Agra	500,000
Ahmedabad			380,000
Amsterdam	60,000	140,000		219,000
Ayutthaya			1,000,000
Beijing	706,000 1,000,000	470,000	650,000	900,000	1,100,000	1,350,000	1,648,000
Berlin		6,500		90,000	172,000		419,000	1,122,330 966,900
Cairo	200,000
Copenhagen		29,000	65,000	80,000	100,000		150,000	260,000
Edo (Tokyo)	60,000 500,000 (1609)		688,000 1,000,000 (1721)		1,100,000 685,000
Esfahān	600,000		350,000
Glasgow	7,000	14,000	14,000	23,500	77,000	170,000	329,000	494,000
Guangzhou	180,000	200,000	200,000	400,000	1,000,000 800,000	900,000	875,000
Hangzhou	270,000	281,000	303,000	340,000	387,000	410,000
Constantinople/Istanbul	400,000 700,000	700,000	600,000 700,000	625,000	570,000	675,000	785,000
Kagoshima					67,000
Kanazawa			67,000
Kyoto	300,000	350,000	400,000+ 350,000	526,225	377,000
Lahore		360,000
Liverpool							375.955 (1851)
London	200,000	410,000 350,000	550,000 600,000	676,000 700,000	861,000 959,300 (1801)	1,335,000	2,320,000 2,363,000 (1851)	4,241,000
Madrid					400,000
Manchester							303.385 (1851)
Mexico City							170,000
Milan	150,000		125,000		160,000
Moscow	300,000	100,000			248,000		373.800
Nagoya			65,000		92,000
Nanjing	194,000	178,000
Naples	224,000	400,000	207,000	310,000	430,000	350,000	413,000
New York City			5,000	13,000	61,000	202,000 (1830)	515.594	1,900,000
Osaka	360,000		350,000+ 380,000	400,000 (1749)	383,000 500,000 (1783)
Paris	245,000	455,000	530,000	556,000	547,756	855,000	1,314,000	2,250,000
Philadelphia						161,000 (1830)	409,353
Rome			150,000
Saint Petersburg				74.273	217.948	438,000	532.241 (1852)	1,035,000
Seoul		150,000	158,000	187,000
Sunpu	100,000
Suzhou					243,000	302,000
Venice	180,000		145,000		160,000
Vienna		50,000	113,000	175,400	235,098	401,200	551,300	1,162,591
Xi'an	138,000		167,000	195,000	224,000	259,000
Yamaguchi	80,000

Current

See List of cities by population for current data.

See also

• World population
• Historical demography
• Urbanism
• List of metropolitan areas by population
• List of largest cities throughout history

External links

• Interactive Map: Urban Growth (BBC, covering 1955–2015)
• Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades

• Choirokoitia
• Cyprus, p. 25, at Google Books
• Travel Cyprus: Illustrated Guide, Greek and Turkish Phrasebooks & Maps, p. 137, at Google Books
• Frommer's Cyprus With Your Family: From the Best Family Beaches to Mountain Villages, p. 161, at Google Books
• Cyprus, p. 23, at Google Books
• The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean, p. 8, at Google Books
• The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia at Google Books
• Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter, Bind 21, p. 27, at Google Books
• Anthropology for Archaeologists: An Introduction, p. 163, at Google Books
• The Oneness Revealed, p. 63, at Google Books
• The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers, p. 523, at Google Books
• Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages, p. 123, at Google Books
• Elder Gods of Antiquity: First Journal of the Ancient Ones, p. 177, at Google Books
• European Prehistory: A Survey, p. 182, at Google Books
• The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D., p. 58, at Google Books
• Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide, p. 146, at Google Books
• Early Aegean Warrior 5000–1450 BC, p. 90, at Google Books
• Л.Панченко. Паланка (історико-краєзнавчий нарис). Умань. 2003 ISBN 966-7659-30-5
• Шмаглій М. М., Дудкін В. П. Зіньковський К. В. Про комплексне вивчення трипільських поселень. Археологія № 10. Київ. 1973
• А.І.Кузьмінський, Г. В. Суховершко, В. Я. Чудновський. Наш рідний край. Хрестоматія з історії Черкащини. Київ. 1993
• Dobrovody and Maydanets Suggested to be housing up to 10,000 people in Modelski'w text (pp. 24–25), The estimate is based on the author's personal communication with Mikhail Videiko, Institute of Archaeology, Kiev, October 2002 (p. 75). The previous estimates by S. I. Kruts for Maydanets and Talianki are 8,000 (1,575 housed within 270 ha) and 14,000 (2,700 houses within 450 ha), respectively (Pitskhelauri, K. N., and Chernykh, E. N. Eds., Kavkaz v sisteme paleometallicheskikh kultur Evrazii, Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1989, pp. 146–156.).
• [1] Archived October 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
• [2] Archived May 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
• http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:169578/FULLTEXT01.pdf
• A. W. Gomme, The population of ancient Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries (Blackwell, 1933 and reprints)
• Garnsey, Peter. Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World. (Cambridge, 1988:90)
• Modelski’s list of the world’s largest cities treats Thebes and Haojing as the top cities with 100,000 inhabitants (p. 218), though the same list on the next page (p. 219) as well as Table 2 (c) place the population of Thebes at 120,000, while that for Haojing as well as Memphis and Babylon at 100,000 (pp. 33-34).
• The Etruscan World, p. 1774, at Google Books
• An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, Del 1330, p. 54, at Google Books
• A Short History of the World, p. 110, at Google Books
• Chandler listed Thebes, Haoqing, and Chengzhou (Luoyang) as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd largest cities (p. 460), though Luoyang is supposed to pass 100,000 in 1000 B.C. (p. 541).
• When the city first passed 100,000, suggested by Richard Forstall (pp. 541-542).
• Production, consumption and society in north Etruria during the archaic and classical periods, p. 224, at Google Books by Hilary Wills Becker.
• Production, consumption and society in north Etruria during the archaic and classical periods, p. 224, at Google Books by Hilary Wills Becker
• https://books.google.com/books?id=FEcLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA278&dq=thebes+Boeotia+60,000+people&hl=da&sa=X&ei=fv-BU67kNsTFPOG-gNgM&ved=0CEUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=thebes%20Boeotia%2060%2C000%20people&f=false An
• Production, consumption and society in north Etruria during the archaic and classical periods, p. 224, at Google Books by Hilary Wills Becker.
• The New People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge at Google Books
• A Global History of Architecture, p. 96, at Google Books
• Chambers's encyclopaedia, p. 151, at Google Books
• A. W. Gomme, The population of ancient Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries (Blackwell, 1933 and reprints)
• Raphael Sealey, The Athenian Republic: Democracy or Rule of Law? (University Park and London: Penn State U Press, 1987), p. 6
• zh:汉书
• [Strabo . Geography (volume 1-7) 14.1.24. Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press]
• http://www.ctcwd.com/rrose/websites/london/history.htm
• [3]
• Haoqing, the capital of Western Zhou, was located 15 km SW of Chang'an, the capital of Sung and Tang dynasties as well as the present center of Xi'an. Han capital was located 5 km NW of the center of modern Xi'an. All these sites are now within the sub-provincial city of Xi'an.
• Procopius, Gothic War, III.xx
• Procopius, Gothic War, III.xxii. "In Rome he suffered nothing human to remain, leaving it altogether, in every part, a perfect desert." Theodor Mommsen (trans.), The Chronicle of Marcellinus. p. 49. "After this destruction Rome [ in 546 ] was so desolated that for forty days or more neither man nor beast stayed there,"
• Meneghini and Santangeli Valenzani Roma nell'altomedioevo. Topografia e urbanistica della citta dal V al X seolo. Rome, 2004. pp. 22-3
• (Armenian) Ghafadaryan, Karo. «Անի» [Ani]. Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1974, vol. i, pp. 407–412.
• M. Ginatempo L. Sandri “L’Italia delle Città. Sec XIII XVI” Le Lettere 1990
• P.M. Hoenberg L.Hollen Lees : “The Making of Urban Europe 1000-1950” Harvard University Press 1985
• History of London#Population
• Paul Hetherington. Medieval Rome: a portrait of the city and its life. Rubicon Press, 1994. p. 37
• Norman John Greville Pounds. An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, p. 350
• Middendorf, 1898
• Michael Moseley and Kent Day, eds. Chan Chan: Andean Desert City University of New Mexico Press, 1982
• [4]
• [5] Publishing and the Map Trade in France, 1470 – 1670 by Catherine Hofmann
• [6]
• The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806. 1995.
• F. Braudel, Capitalism and Material Life, 1400–1800, I vol. 1979
• Gordon, Andrew: "A Modern History of Japan from Tokugawa Times to the Present". Oxford University Press, 2003. p23. (As of 1721).
• (quoting the Meiji publication 平安通志)
• Sansom, George (1963). "A History of Japan: 1615-1867." Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p113. Note: These figures exclude military (samurai) population, which could account for a considerable portion of the population.
• Almanach de Gotha pour l'an 1858
• before the big plague of the 1656)
• A. de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, chap. IX, 1835
• Almanach de Gotha pour l'an 1855