Government of Milwaukee
Contents
History
Beginning with the city's first major wave of German immigrants, the 48ers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin has traditionally supported liberal politicians and movements. It was a Republican stronghold during the Civil War and, like most major cities, experienced a period of massive corruption and machine-boss politics. This ended in 1910 when the voters elected its first of three Socialist mayors.
Since 1960, Milwaukee has been a stronghold of the Democratic Party both locally and nationally, but the city is largely divided between different factions of Democrats. Such was the case when, during the 2004 mayoral election, a Milwaukee radio station received a phone call originating from a number at the Wisconsin Democratic Headquarters in Madison.[1] Many supporters of Marvin Pratt saw this as confirmation that the party was showing favoritism toward rival Tom Barrett. (Though the election was non-partisan, both candidates were registered Democrats.) The call was later explained to have come from an independent organization calling from within the headquarters building.
During the 1970s, Milwaukee was home to an active chapter of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. The chapter was one of the few in which no members were ever killed by the police. In addition to being the catalyst for many civil-rights victories during the era, it also set up a number of community-based organizations that are still active today, such as the Hunger Task Force.
Although a Democratic stronghold, Milwaukee receives a fair amount of attention from the Republicans at the state and national levels during election years. This is due to Wisconsin's status as a pivot state and Milwaukee's relatively central location to the state's largest Republican strongholds such as Mequon, Waukesha and Brookfield.[2]
Third party politics has played an important part in Milwaukee city government. While Milwaukee's elected representatives are currently elected on a non-partisan basis, the city has a deep history that includes past election of three Socialist Mayors (the last being Frank Zeidler from 1948-1960), as well as a number of former Socialist representatives to the Common Council. Milwaukee's brand of Socialism was often referred to as Sewer Socialism, in that its adherents did not espouse radical revolutionary theories, but emphasized honest government, an expanded city role in public works projects and annexation of then unincorporated communities surrounding Milwaukee. While influential in city politics in the first half of the twentieth century, Socialist party influence on city government waned by mid-century and was non-existent by the departure of Frank Zeidler from office. In recent years, Milwaukee has played host to national conventions for the Socialist Party USA (1997), Communist Party USA (2001) and the Green Party of the United States (2004).
City Government
Milwaukee has a mayor-council form of government with a strong-mayor plan. The city underwent a transition from a civil service to a cabinet form of governance in 1988, following the election of then Mayor John Norquist. While this gave the mayor greater control of the day-to-day operations of the city, the Common Council retains almost complete control over the city's finances and the mayor, with the exception of his proposed annual budget, cannot directly introduce legislation. A Common Council of 15 elected members, called Aldermen, each represent one of the 15 districts in the city. The city is also served by independently elected City Attorney, Comptroller and Treasurer positions that are not under the Mayor or Common Council's tutelage. The Mayor and Common Council retain control over their departmental budgets, however.
All elected positions in the city of Milwaukee government serve four-year terms, with elections held in the spring of presidential voting years. The Mayor, City Attorney, Comptroller and Treasurer are all elected on a city-wide basis.
Mayor
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In 2004, Tom Barrett was elected Mayor of the City of Milwaukee.
Common Council
The Milwaukee Common Council is the lawmaking body of the City of Milwaukee. It comprises 15 members from 15 council districts throughout the city. As of 1960, membership on the Common Council was considered more desirable than membership in the Wisconsin State Assembly, and incumbent legislators would often seek a position on the Council, resigning their legislative positions if they were victorious.[3] The Common Council exercises all policy-making and legislative powers of the city, including the adoption of ordinances and resolutions, the approval of the city's annual budget, and the enactment of appropriation and tax levy ordinances. The council also has approval over the mayor's appointments of cabinet heads to direct day-to-day operations of city departments. In addition to their powers as legislators, council members serve as de facto district administrators, responsible to the citizens in their districts for city services. In recent years, the Common Council has asserted increasing control over a number of administrative functions formerly under the purview of the Mayor.
Ashanti Hamilton (1st District), Joe Davis, Sr. (2nd District), Nik Kovac (3rd District), Robert J. Bauman (4th District), James A. Bohl, Jr. (5th District), Milele A. Coggs (6th District), Willie C. Wade (7th District), Robert G. Donovan (8th District), Robert W. Puente (9th District), Michael J. Murphy (10th District), Joe Dudzik (11th District), José G. Pérez (12th District), Terry L. Witkowski (13th District), Tony Zielinski (14th District), and Russell W. Stamper II (15th District) are the current members of the 2012-2016 Common Council. Ald. Michael Murphy additionally serves as President of the Common Council.
Boards and Commissions
The City of Milwaukee Youth Council, the city's youth commission, represents the student voice to the Common Council and Mayor.
State and Federal Representation
The city of Milwaukee has three full state Senate districts within city boundaries, as well as four other districts that share a significant portion of their boundaries with Milwaukee's suburbs. In Wisconsin, each Senate District is composed of three state Assembly districts. Given Milwaukee's status as a Democratic Party stronghold, all but three Senate and three Assembly districts in the city are represented by Democrats, with all six Republican seats falling in three small overlapping areas on the periphery of the city.
For the better part of the past century Milwaukee was represented by multiple Congressional districts. With the city's slowly shrinking population since 1970 and Wisconsin's slower population growth rate that cost the state a Congressional seat in 2002, Milwaukee has been represented by only one Congressional district since that time. Milwaukee makes up the overwhelming majority of Wisconsin's 4th congressional district. Because of the district's record as a Democratic Party stronghold, the Democratic primary for the seat is often considered more important than the general election. The seat is currently held by Gwen Moore, Wisconsin's first African-American U.S. Representative.
Among many other prominent elected officials, Milwaukee is home to retired long-time U.S. Senator Herb Kohl, and was represented in Congress from 1993 to 2003 by current Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett.
References
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- ↑ 2006 CAMPAIGN HOUSE RACE: WISCONSIN House
- ↑ Hagensick, A. Clarke. "Influences of Partisanship and Incumbency on a Nonpartisan Election System" The Western Political Quarterly Vol. 17, No. 1 (Mar., 1964), pp. 117-124
