List of Nazi concentration camps
This article presents a partial list of the most prominent German Nazi concentration camps set up across Europe during World War II and the Holocaust. A more complete list drawn up in 1967 by the German Ministry of Justice names about 1,200 camps and subcamps in countries occupied by Nazi Germany,[1] while the Jewish Virtual Library writes: "It is estimated that the Nazis established 15,000 camps in the occupied countries."[2] The concentration camps are not to be confused with the extermination camps designed and built exclusively to kill prisoners on a massive scale immediately upon arrival.[3] The extermination camps of Operation Reinhard including Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka served as "death factories" in which German SS and police murdered nearly 2,700,000 Jews either by asphyxiation with poison gas or by shooting.[3] Meanwhile, the concentration camps listed herein served primarily as detention and slave labor exploitation centers. Most of them were destroyed by the Nazis in an attempt to hide the evidence of war crimes and crimes against humanity, nevertheless tens of thousands of prisoners sent on death marches have been liberated by the Allies afterwards.[4]
The concentration camps held large groups of prisoners without trial or judicial process. In modern historiography, the term refers to a place of systemic mistreatment, starvation, forced labour and murder. Before the onset of war, in 1933-1939 the prisoners consisted of German Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, Roma, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, and persons accused of 'asocial' or socially 'deviant' behavior.[5] They have not been utilized to sustain the German war effort. Though the term 'concentration camp' is often used as a general term for all Nazi camps, there were in fact several types of concentration camps in the Nazi camp system during World War II. Holocaust scholars make a clear distinction between death camps and concentration camps which served a number of war related purposes including prison facilities, labor camps, prisoner of war camps, and transit camps among others.[6]
The system of about 20,000 camps in Germany and Nazi-Occupied Europe played a pivotal role in sustaining the Nazi reign of terror.[5] Some of the data presented in this table originates from the monograph titled The War Against the Jews by Lucy Dawidowicz among similar others.[7]
List
Extermination camps are marked with pink, concentration camps are marked with purple, labour camps are marked with grey, while transit camps and collective points remain unmarked. You can see all camp types in the 3rd column. Nazi ghettos are generally not included. According to data presented in the table below, an estimated 4,251,500 people lost their lives in the camps.
# | Camp name | Country (today) | Camp type | Dates of use | Est. prisoners | Est. deaths | Sub-camps | Webpage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Alderney | Channel Islands | Labour camps | Jan 1942 – Jun 1944 | 6,000 | 700 | Lager Borkum, Lager Helgoland, Lager Norderney, Lager Sylt | [1] |
2 | Amersfoort | Netherlands | Transit camp and prison | Aug 1941 – Apr 1945 | 35,000 | 1,000 | [2] | |
3 | Arbeitsdorf | Germany | Labour camp | 8 Apr 1942 – 11 Oct 1942 | 600 min. | none | ||
4 | Auschwitz-Birkenau | Poland | Extermination and labour camp | Apr 1940 – Jan 1945 | 135,000 min.[8] in August 1944 | 1,100,000 min.[9] out of 6,000,000 rec. arrivals [10] | list of 48 sub-camps with description at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum [11] | [8] [9] [11] [10] |
5 | Banjica | Serbia | Concentration camp | Jun 1941 – Sep 1944 | 23,637 | 3,849[12] | ||
6 | Bardufoss | Norway | Concentration camp | Mar 1944 – ???? | 800 | 250 | [citation needed] | |
7 | Bełżec | Poland | Extermination camp | Oct 1941 – Jun 1943 | 434,508 min. | [3] | ||
8 | Berga an der Elster (Berga, Thuringia) | Germany | Labour camp; Buchenwald subcamp | |||||
9 | Bergen-Belsen | Germany | Collection point | Apr 1943 – Apr 1945 | 70,000 | 2 | [4] | |
10 | Berlin-Marzahn | Germany | Early a "rest place" then labour camp for Roma | July 1936 – | none | [5] | ||
11 | Bernburg | Germany | Collection point | Apr 1942 – Apr 1945 | 100,000 | 2 | ||
12 | Bogdanovka | Ukraine | Concentration camp | 1941 | 54,000 | 40,000 | ||
13 | Bolzano | Italy | Transit | Jul 1944 – Apr 1945 | 11,116 | |||
14 | Bredtvet | Norway | Concentration camp | Fall, 1941 – May, 1944 | 1,000 min. | ???? | none | |
15 | Breendonk | Belgium | Prison and labour camp | 20 Sep 1940 – Sep 1944 | 3532 min. | 391 min. | none | [6] |
16 | Breitenau | Germany | "Early wild camp", then labour camp | Jun 1933 – Mar 1934, 1940–1945 |
470 – 8500 | [7] | ||
17 | Buchenwald | Germany | Labour camp | Jul 1937 – Apr 1945 | 250,000 | 56,000 | list | [8] |
18 | Chełmno (Kulmhof) |
Poland | Extermination camp | Dec 1941 – Apr 1943, Apr 1944 – Jan 1945 |
152,000 min. | [9] | ||
19 | Crveni krst | Serbia | Concentration camp | 1941–1944 | 30,000 | 10,000 | ||
20 | Dachau | Germany | Labour camp | Mar 1933 – Apr 1945 | 200,000 | 31,591 | list | [10] |
21 | Drancy | France | Internment camp, transit | 20 Aug 1941 – 17 Aug 1944 | 70,000 | Three of five Paris annexes: Austerlitz, Lévitan and Bassano camps | [11] | |
22 | Falstad | Norway | Prison camp | Dec 1941 – May 1945 | 200 min. | none | [12] | |
23 | Flößberg (Frohburg) | Germany | Labour camp; Buchenwald subcamp | November 1944 – Apr 1945 | 1904 | 235 min. | [13] | |
24 | Flossenbürg | Germany | Labour camp | May 1938 – Apr 1945 | 100,000 min. | 30,000 | list | [14] |
25 | Fort de Romainville | France | Prison and transit camp | 1940 – Aug 1945 | 8,100 min. | 200 min. | none | [15] |
26 | Fort VII (Poznań) | Poland | Concentration, detention, transit | Oct 1939 – Apr 1944 | 18,000 min. | 4,500 min. | [16] | |
27 | Fossoli | Italy | Prison and transit camp | 5 Dec 1943 – Nov 1944 | 2,800 | |||
28 | Grini | Norway | Prison camp | 2 May 1941 – May 1945 | 19,788 | 8 | Fannrem Bardufoss Kvænangen |
|
29 | Gross-Rosen | Poland | Labour camp; Nacht und Nebel camp | Aug 1940 – Feb 1945 | 125,000 | 40,000 | list | [17] |
30 | Herzogenbusch (Vught) |
Netherlands | Concentration camp | 1943 – Summer 1944 | 31,000 | 750 | list | [18] |
31 | Hinzert | Germany | Collection point and subcamp | Jul 1940 – Mar 1945 | 14,000 | 302 min. | [19] | |
32 | Jägala | Estonia | Labour camp | Aug 1942 – Aug 1943 | 200 | 3,000 | none | [20] |
33 | Janowska (Lwów) |
Ukraine | Ghetto; transit, labour, & extermination camp | Sep 1941 – Nov 1943 | 40,000 min. | none | [21] (see "A-Z") |
|
34 | Jasenovac concentration camp | Croatia | Extermination camp for Jews, Serbs, Croats and Roma[13] | 1941–1945 | 99,000 [14] | Stara Gradiška concentration camp, Sisak children's concentration camp, Donja Gradina, Jasenovac main | [22] |
|
35 | Kaiserwald (Mežaparks) |
Latvia | Labour camp | 1942 – 6 Aug 1944 | 20,000? | 16, incl. Eleja-Meitenes |
[23] | |
36 | Kaufering/Landsberg | Germany | Labour camp | Jun 1943 – Apr 1945 | 30,000 | 14,500 min. | [24] | |
37 | Kauen (Kaunas) |
Lithuania | Ghetto and internment camp | ???? | Prawienischken | [25] | ||
38 | Kemna | Germany | Early concentration camp | Jun 1933 – Jan 1944 | 4,500 | none | [26] | |
39 | Klooga | Estonia | Labour camp | Summer 1943 – 28 Sep 1944 | 2,400 | |||
40 | Koldichevo | Belarus | Labour camp | Summer 1942 – Jun 1944 | 22,000 | |||
41 | Langenstein-Zwieberge | Germany | Buchenwald subcamp | Apr 1944 – Apr 1945 | 5,000 | 2,000 | ||
42 | Le Vernet | France | Internment camp | 1939–1944 | ||||
43 | Majdanek (KZ Lublin) |
Poland | Extermination camp | Jul 1941 – Jul 1944 | 78,000 | [27] | ||
44 | Malchow | Germany | Labour and Transit camp | Winter 1943 – 8 May 1945 | 5,000 | |||
45 | Maly Trostenets | Belarus | Extermination camp | Jul 1941 – Jun 1944 | 206,500 (official) 65,000 |
[28] [29] |
||
46 | Mauthausen-Gusen | Austria | Labour camp | Aug 1938 – May 1945 | 195,000 | 95,000 min. | list | [30] |
47 | Mechelen | Belgium | Transit camp | July 1942 – Sep 1944 | 25267 min.[15] | 300 min.[16] | none | [31] |
48 | Mittelbau-Dora | Germany | Labour camp | Sep 1943 – Apr 1945 | 60,000 | 20,000 min. | list | [32] |
49 | Mittelsteine | Poland | Labour camp; Gross-Rosen subcamp | Aug 1944 – April 1945 | 300–1,000 | 10–20 | none | [33] |
50 | Natzweiler-Struthof (Struthof) | France | Labour camp; Nacht und Nebel camp; extermination camp | May 1941 – Sep 1944 | 40,000 | 25,000 | list | L'historique du camp de Natzweiler-Struthof par Roger Boulanger, 2006. |
51 | Neuengamme | Germany | Labour camp | 13 Dec 1938 – 4 May 1945 | 106,000 | 42,900+ | list | [34] |
52 | Niederhagen | Germany | Prison and labour camp | Sep 1941 – early 1943 | 3,900 | 1,285 | none | [35] |
53 | Oberer Kuhberg | Germany | Concentration camp | Nov 1933 – 1935 | 0 | Former infantry base Gleißelstetten (Fortress of Ulm) | [36] | |
54 | Ohrdruf | Germany | Labour and concentration camp; Buchenwald subcamp | Nov 1944 – Apr 1945 | 11,700 | [37] | ||
55 | Oranienburg | Germany | Early concentration camp | Mar 1933 – Jul 1934 | 3,000 | 16 min. | ||
56 | Osthofen | Germany | Collective point | Mar 1933 – Jul 1934 | ||||
57 | Płaszów | Poland | Labour camp | Dec 1942 – Jan 1945 | 150,000 min. | 9,000 min. | list | |
58 | Ravensbrück | Germany | Labour camp for women | May 1939 – Apr 1945 | 150,000 | 90,000 min. | list | [38][39] |
59 | Risiera di San Sabba (Trieste) |
Italy | Police detainment camp | Sep 1943 – 29 Apr 1945 | 25,000 | 5,000 | [40] | |
56 | Sachsenhausen | Germany | Labour camp | Jul 1936 – Apr 1945 | 200,000 min. | 100,000 | list | [41] |
61 | Sajmište | Serbia | Extermination camp | Oct 1941 – Jul 1944 | 92,000 | 23,000–47,000 | ||
62 | Salaspils (Kirchholm ) | Latvia | Labour camp | Oct 1941 – Summer 1944 | 2,000 | [42] | ||
63 | Skrochowitz (Skrochovice) |
Czech Republic | Transit (1939) and labour camp | Sept 1939 - Dec 1939, 1940–1943 | 1939:700 | 1939:13 | [43] | |
64 | Sobibór | Poland | Extermination camp | May 1942 – Oct 1943 | 200,000 max. | [44] | ||
65 | Soldau | Poland | Labour; Transit camp | Winter 1939/40 – Jan 1945 | 30,000 | 13,000 | ||
66 | Stutthof | Poland | Labour camp | Sep 1939 – May 1945 | 110,000 | 65,000 | list | [45] |
67 | Theresienstadt (Terezín) |
Czech Republic | Transit camp and Ghetto | Nov 1941 – May 1945 | 140,000 | 35,000 min. | [46] | |
68 | Treblinka | Poland | Extermination camp | Jul 1942 – Nov 1943 | 870,000 | [47] | ||
69 | Vaivara | Estonia | Concentration and transit camp | 15 Sep 1943 – 29 Feb 1944 | 20,000 | 950 | 22 | [48] [49] |
70 | Warsaw | Poland | Labour and extermination camp | 1942–1944 | 400,000 max. | 200,000 max. | ||
71 | Westerbork | Netherlands | Transit camp | May 1940 – Apr 1945 | 102,000 |
See also
- German camps in occupied Poland during World War II
- Concentration camps in France
- Concentration camps in Norway
- Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics
- Research Materials: Max Planck Society Archive
- Holocaust victims and death toll
References
- ↑ Bundesministerium der Justiz (2011), List of concentration camps and their outposts in alphabetical order. Internet Archive. (German)
- ↑ Concentration Camp Listing Sourced from Van Eck, Ludo Le livre des Camps. Belgium: Editions Kritak; and Gilbert, Martin Atlas of the Holocaust. New York: William Morrow 1993 ISBN 0-688-12364-3. In this on-line site are the names of 149 camps and 814 subcamps, organized by country.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Holocaust Encyclopedia, Killing Centers: An Overview. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Holocaust Encyclopedia, Nazi Camps. Introduction. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
- ↑ Peter Vogelsang & Brian B. M. Larsen (2002), The difference between concentration camps and extermination camps. The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies.
- ↑ Search Results: Mapping the SS Concentration Camp System. Alphabetical listing. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Further Reading. Bergen, Dawidowicz, Gilbert, Gutman, Hilberg, Yahil.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Franciszek Piper, Construction and Expansion of KL Auschwitz ("Budowa i rozbudowa KL Auschwitz"). The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland (Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu), 1999–2010 (Polish)
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Franciszek Piper, Dead victims of KL Auschwitz per nationality and/or profile of deportees ("Liczba uśmierconych w KL Auschwitz ogółem wg narodowości lub kategorii deportowanych"). The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland, 1999–2010 (Polish)
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Franciszek Piper, Victims of KL Auschwitz ("Liczba ofiar KL Auschwitz"). The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland, 1999–2010 (Polish)
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 List of Subcamps of KL Auschwitz (Podobozy KL Auschwitz). The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland (Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu), 1999–2010 (Polish)
- ↑ Ramet, Sabrina P., The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation: 1918–2005. Indiana University Press, 2006. (p. 131)
- ↑ Jasenovac. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
- ↑ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Bibliography
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