Brest, Belarus

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Brest-Litovsk, Berestye, and Brześć redirect here. For other uses, see Brześć (disambiguation). For the World War I treaty, see Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. For the Romanian village of Breştea, called Berestye in Hungarian, see Denta. For the French city, see Brest.
Brest
Брэст / Брест
City overview
City overview
Flag of Brest
Flag		 Coat of arms of Brest
Coat of arms
Brest is located in Belarus
Brest
Brest
Location in Belarus
Coordinates: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Country  Belarus
Region Brest Region
District Brest District
Founded 1019
Government
 • Chairman of the Brest City Council Aleksandr Rogachuk [1]
Area
 • Total 145 km2 (56 sq mi)
Elevation 280.4 m (919.9 ft)
Population (2014)
 • Total 330,934[2] Increase
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code 224000
Area code(s) +375 (0)162
License plate 1
Website Official website

Brest (Belarusian: Брэст Brest or traditionally Берасце, Bieraście; Russian: Брест Brest; Polish: Brześć; Ukrainian: Брест Brest, traditionally Берестя Berestia; Yiddish: בריסק‎ Brisk), formerly also Brest-on-the-Bug and Brest-Litovsk ("Брэст-Лiтоўск" in Belarusian), is a city (population 310,800 in 2010) in Belarus at the border with Poland opposite the Polish city of Terespol, where the Bug River and Mukhavets rivers meet. It is the capital city of the Brest voblast.

The city of Brest is a historic site of many cultures. Here were concluded such important historical documents as the Union of Brest and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The city fortress was recognized by the Soviet Union as the Hero Fortress, a unique award.

The city, during medieval times, was part of the Kingdom of Poland from the tenth century until 1319 when it was taken by Grand Duchy of Lithuania until the Polish Partitions, when it became part of the Russian Empire in 1795. After World War I, the city again returned to sovereign Poland. During World War II the city was first taken by the Soviets and in 1941 by the Nazis. After the war, with the new boundaries of the Soviet Union with Poland, the city became part of the Soviet BSSR until the breakup of the country in 1991, placing the city in the custody of Belarus, where it remains today.

City name

There are several theories of the city name origin. The most common are as follows. The name of the city might have come from the Slavic root beresta meaning birch, or bark. The name of the city could also originate from the Slavic root berest meaning elm. And finally, the name of the city could have come from the Lithuanian word brasta meaning ford.[3]

Once a center of Jewish scholarship, the city's name in Yiddish, is בריסק (Brisk), hence the term "Brisker" used to describe followers of the influential Soloveitchik family of rabbis. The traditional Belarusian name for the city is Берасце (Bieraście).

The Polish name for the city is Brześć, historically Brześć Litewski before the Partitions of Poland. In the Second Polish Republic the city was renamed as Brześć nad Bugiem (Brest on the Bug) on March 20, 1923.[4]

The coat of arms features an arrow pointed upwards and a bow on a sky blue shield. It was adopted on January 26, 1991. Alternative coat of arms has a red shield, the first coat of arms of Brest was given by king Sigismund II Augustus in 1554.

History

In 1019 Brest was first mentioned in chronicles as Berestye

The city was founded by the Slavs. As a town, Brest – Berestye in Kievan Rus – was first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle in 1019 when the Kievan Rus took the stronghold from the Poles. It is one of the oldest cities in Belarus.[5] It was hotly contested between the Polish rulers (kings, principal dukes and dukes of Masovia) and Kievan Rus princes, laid waste by the Mongols in 1241 (see: Mongol invasion of Europe), and was not rebuilt until 1275. Later it was part of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[citation needed]

In 1390 Brest became the first city in the lands that now comprise Belarus to receive Magdeburg rights. Its suburbs were burned by the Teutonic Knights in 1379.

In 1409 it was a meeting place of King Władysław II Jagiełło, duke Vytautas and Tatar khan under the archbishop Mikołaj Trąba initiative, to prepare for war with the Teutonic Knights. In 1410 the town mustered a cavalry company (banner) that participated in the Polish-Lithuanian victory at the battle of Grunwald. In 1419 it become a seat of the starost in the newly created Trakai Voivodeship. In 1500 it was burned again by Crimean Tatars. In 1566, following king Sigismund II Augustus decree, a new voivodeship was created - Brest Litovsk Voivodeship. After it became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, it was renamed Brest-Litovsk.[citation needed]

During the period of the union of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden under king Sigismund III Vasa (Polish–Swedish union), diets were held there. In 1594 and 1596 it was the meeting-place of two remarkable councils of regional bishops of the Roman-Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. The 1596 council established the Uniate Church (known also as the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church in Belarus and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine).

In 1657, and again in 1706, the town and castle were captured by the Swedes during their invasions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In an attack from the other direction, on January 13, 1660 the invading Muscovite Russian army under Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky took the Brest Castle in a surprise early morning attack, the town having been captured earlier, and massacred the 1,700 defenders and their families (according to captain Rosestein, Austrian observer). On July 23, 1792 a battle was fought between the regiments of the Duchy of Lithuania (part of the Polish Army) defending the town and the invading Russian Imperial Army.

On September 19, 1794 the area between Brest and Terespol was the scene of a victorious battle won by the invading Russian Imperial army under Suvorov over the Kościuszko Uprising army division under general Karol Sierakowski (known in Russian sources as the Battle of Brest). Brest was annexed by Russia when the Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth was partitioned for the third time in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland). During Russian rule in the 19th century, a large fortress was built in and around the city. The Russians demolished the Polish Royal Castle and most of the Old Town "to make room" for the fortress.[citation needed]

Brest railway station during World War I, circa 1915

The town was captured by the German army in 1915, during World War I. In March 1918, in the Brest-Litovsk fortress on the western outskirts of Brest at the confluence of the Bug River and Mukhavets Rivers, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, ending the war between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers and transferring the city and its surrounding region to the sphere of influence of the German Empire. This treaty was subsequently annulled by the treaties which ended the war and even more so by the events and the developments in Germany and Eastern Europe. During 1918, the city was first declared part of the short-lived Belarusian Democratic Republic, then part of the Podolia Governorate of the Ukrainian People's Republic.

The Second Polish Republic

Following the Polish–Soviet War Brześć became part of the newly reborn Poland, with borders formally recognized by the Treaty of Riga of 1921. It was renamed Brześć nad Bugiem on March 20, 1923 (Brest on the Bug) in the Second Polish Republic, and named the capital of the Polesie Voivodeship in accordance of the pre-1795 tradition. In the twenty years of Poland's sovereignty, of the total of 36 brand new schools established in the city, there were ten public, and five private Jewish schools inaugurated, with Yiddish and Hebrew as the language of instruction. The first ever Jewish school in Brześć history opened in 1920, almost immediately after Poland's return to independence. In 1936 Jews constituted 41.3% of the Brześć population, or 21,518 citizens. Some 80.3% of private enterprises were run by Jews.[6][7][8] The Polish Army troops of the 9th Military District along with its headquarters were stationed in the fortress.

German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk at the conclusion of the Invasion of Poland. In the center Major General Heinz Guderian from Wehrmacht and Brigadier Semyon Krivoshein from the Red Army

During the German Invasion of Poland in 1939 the city was defended by a small garrison of four infantry battalions under General Konstanty Plisowski against the XIX Panzer Corps of General Heinz Guderian. After four days of heavy fighting the Polish forces withdrew southwards on September 17 (see: Battle of Brześć Litewski). The Soviet invasion of Poland began on the same day and as a result the Soviet Red Army entered the city at the end of September 1939 in accordance with the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact's Secret Protocol, and a joint Nazi-Soviet military parade took place on September 22, 1939. While Belarusians consider it a reunification of the Belarusian nation under one constituency (BSSR at that time), Poles consider it the date when the city was lost. During the Soviet control (1939–41) the Polish population was subject to arrests, executions and mass deportations to Siberia and the Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan.

The city had an overwhelmingly Jewish population in the Russian Partition: 30,000 out of 45,000 total population according to Russian 1897 census, which fell to 21,000 out of 50,000 according to the Polish census of 1931.[9][10]

Operation Barbarossa and after

According to the German-Soviet Pact of 1939 the territory around Brest along with 52% of occupied Poland was assigned to the Soviet Union.[11] On June 22, 1941, the fortress and the city were attacked by Nazi Germany on the first day of the anti-Soviet Operation Barbarossa. Thus, in the summer of 1941, the Germans had to capture the city yet again, this time from the Soviets. The Brest Fortress held out for six days. Abandoned by the Soviet army, nearly all its defenders perished. The Germans placed Brest under the administration of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. The remaining municipal Jewish population (about 20,000) was sequestered in the Brest ghetto established by the German authorities in December 1941, which they liquidated in October 1942. Only seven Jews survived the Nazi executions.[10]

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Further information: Brest Ghetto

The city was liberated by the Red Army on July 28, 1944. Pursuant to the agreements of the Yalta Conference of February 1945, Brest's status as part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was recognized in spite of Polish protests. The Poles of Brest, after 1,000 years of history, were encouraged to emigrate and during the 1940s and 1950s most left for Communist Poland. Today, Poles constitute about 1% of the population.

Climate

Brest has a transitional climate between the oceanic and humid continental regimes, but slightly leans towards the marine variety due to the irregular winter temperatures that mostly hover around the freezing point. Summers are warm and influenced by its inland position compared to areas nearer the Baltic sea.

Climate data for Brest
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.6
(52.9)		 17.2
(63)		 22.6
(72.7)		 30.7
(87.3)		 32.1
(89.8)		 33.0
(91.4)		 36.6
(97.9)		 35.6
(96.1)		 31.5
(88.7)		 26.4
(79.5)		 19.0
(66.2)		 14.5
(58.1)		 36.6
(97.9)
Average high °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8)		 1.2
(34.2)		 6.3
(43.3)		 14.0
(57.2)		 20.1
(68.2)		 22.6
(72.7)		 24.9
(76.8)		 24.2
(75.6)		 18.4
(65.1)		 12.5
(54.5)		 5.4
(41.7)		 0.9
(33.6)		 12.5
(54.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.6
(27.3)		 −1.9
(28.6)		 2.2
(36)		 8.7
(47.7)		 14.5
(58.1)		 17.1
(62.8)		 19.3
(66.7)		 18.5
(65.3)		 13.3
(55.9)		 8.3
(46.9)		 2.7
(36.9)		 −1.3
(29.7)		 8.2
(46.8)
Average low °C (°F) −4.9
(23.2)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 3.8
(38.8)		 9.0
(48.2)		 12.0
(53.6)		 14.2
(57.6)		 13.3
(55.9)		 9.1
(48.4)		 4.8
(40.6)		 0.4
(32.7)		 −3.5
(25.7)		 4.4
(39.9)
Record low °C (°F) −35.5
(−31.9)		 −28.1
(−18.6)		 −22.6
(−8.7)		 −6.2
(20.8)		 −4.2
(24.4)		 2.1
(35.8)		 5.8
(42.4)		 1.3
(34.3)		 −2.8
(27)		 −9.9
(14.2)		 −19.2
(−2.6)		 −25.1
(−13.2)		 −35.5
(−31.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 34
(1.34)		 33
(1.3)		 33
(1.3)		 37
(1.46)		 63
(2.48)		 68
(2.68)		 76
(2.99)		 72
(2.83)		 55
(2.17)		 37
(1.46)		 42
(1.65)		 41
(1.61)		 591
(23.27)
Average rainy days 11 9 12 12 16 16 16 12 15 14 14 13 160
Average snowy days 16 16 10 3 0.1 0 0 0 0 1 7 14 67
Average relative humidity (%) 85 82 75 66 66 69 70 71 78 81 86 87 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 50 70 133 176 238 248 259 242 170 114 46 32 1,778
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net[12]
Source #2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[13]

Sights in Brest

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File:Row brest.jpg
Rowing course in Brest
the largest stadium in Brest

A majestic Soviet-era war memorial was constructed on the site of the 1941 battle, to commemorate the known and unknown defenders of the Hero-Fortress. This war memorial is the largest tourist attraction of the city. The Berestye Archeological Museum of the old city is located on the southern island of the Hero-Fortress. It has objects and huts dating from the 11th – 13th century, that were unearthed during excavations in the 1970s. Brest is proud of its shopping mall, Sovietskaya Street. It was dramatically reconstructed in 2007–2009 to revive the initial view of the old town. In July 2009 the Millennium Monument of Brest was unveiled.

The Museum of Rescued Art Treasures has a nice collection of paintings and icons. Brest also has the first Belarusian outdoor railway museum.

Earlier in Brest there was a synagogue, which was regarded as the first one in Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It is also the seat of an Armenian and of a Greek Catholic bishop; the former has jurisdiction over the Armenians throughout the whole country.

Brest City Park is over 100 years old, and underwent renovations from 2004 to 2006 as part of a ceremony marking the park's centennial.

Education

Brest is home to two Universities: A.S.Pushkin State University and Brest State Technical University.

Transport

Being situated on the main railway line connecting Berlin and Moscow, and an intercontinental highway (the European route E30), Brest became a principal border crossing since World War II in Soviet times. Today it links the European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Because of the break-of-gauge at Brest, where the Russian broad gauge meets the European standard gauge, all passenger trains, coming from Poland, must have their bogies replaced here, to travel on across Belarus, and the freight must be transloaded from cars of one gauge to cars of another. Some of the land in the Brest rail yards remains contaminated as a result of the transshipment of radioactive materials here since Soviet days although cleanup operations have been taking place.[citation needed]

The local airport (code BQT), is operating flights to the capital city Minsk and to Moscow and Novgorod in Russia on a weekly basis.

Geography

Brest lies astride the Mukhavets River, that is known to Bresters as "the river". The river flows west through the city, dividing it into north and south, and meets the Bug River in the Brest Fortress. The river flows slowly and gently. You can hop into a tire innertube and take a relaxing float down this river. Today the river looks quite broad in Brest. The terrain is fairly flat around Brest. The river has an extremely broad floodplain, that is about 2 to 3 kilometres (1 to 2 miles) across. Brest was subject to flooding in the past. One of the worst floods in recorded history occurred in 1974.[citation needed]

A part of the floodplain was reclaimed by method of hydraulic mining. In the 1980s big cutter-suction dredgers were mining sand and clay from the riverbed, to build up the banks. After the dredging the river became deeper and the riverbanks higher. Today the river does not overflow its banks.[citation needed]

In the 2000s, two new residential areas were developed in the southwest of Brest.

To the east of Brest the Dnieper-Bug Canal was built in the mid-nineteenth century to join the river to the Pina, a tributary of the Pripyat River which in turn drains into the Dnieper River. Thus Brest has a shipping route all the way to the Black Sea. If not for a dam and neglected weirs west of Brest, north-western European shipping would be connected with the Black Sea also.

Sport

The sport venues appeared on the northern riverside on the hydraulic fill, comprising an indoor track-and-field center, the Brest Ice Rink,[14] and Belarus' first outdoor baseball stadium. On the opposite riverside is a large rowing course opened in 2007, home of the National Center for Olympic Training in Rowing. It meets international requirements and can host international competitions. It has accommodation and training facilities, favorable location, 3 kilometres (2 miles) away from the border crossing along Warsaw Highway (the European route E30).

Sights around Brest

A southern stretch of the ring barracks of the Citadel with a projecting semi-tower on the left

Belavezhskaya Pushcha National Park, 70 km (43 mi) north of Brest, is a biosphere reserve of world distinction and can be reached by car or bus. This medieval forest is home to rare European bison (wisent). There is a museum and a zoo, available for tourists in the forest, animals can be seen in enclosures all the year round. 2 hotels and some restaurants and bars are there. Excursions can also be taken by horse and cart into the interior of the forest. As a new tourist attraction, the forest features the residence of Grandfather Frost, known as Ded Moroz, the Eastern Slavic Santa Claus, that works all the year round.

Brest also hosts the first Belarusian outdoor railway museum. Brest City Park is old, but looks new after the recent[when?] reconstruction.

Kamyanets, Belarus, that lies on the way to the National park from Brest, features a landmark, the 13th-century tower of Kamyanets. The village of Kosova, where Tadeusz Kościuszko was born, is also in the Brest region and features a 19th-century palace and a Roman Catholic church.

Twin towns and sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus

Brest is twinned with:[15]

Honours

A minor planet 3232 Brest, discovered by the Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Ivanovna Chernykh in 1974, is named after the city.[20]

People

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See also: Category:People from Brest, Belarus
Menachem Begin

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Alexander Lukashenko makes new appointments - The Official Internet Portal of the President of the Republic of Belarus. 14 October 2014
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Encyclopedia Lituanica. Boston, Massachusetts, Vol. I, p.409. LCC74-114275
  4. ↑ Kancelaria Sejmu RP (2013), Dz.U. 1923 nr 39 poz. 269 ISAP Archive. Link to PDF document.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Norman Davies, God's Playground (Polish edition), Second volume, p.512-513
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką, (Polish-Byelorussian relations under the Soviet occupation). Bialorus.pl (Polish)
  9. ↑ Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, University of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 0-299-19464-7, Google Print, p.16
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Christopher R. Browning, Nazi policy, Jewish workers, German killers', Google Print, p.124
  11. ↑ Robert Kirchubel, Operation Barbarossa 1941 (3): Army Group Center, Osprey Publishing, 2007, ISBN 1-84603-107-9, Google Print, p. 44.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ http://www.hockeyarenas.net
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – p. 269
  21. ↑ L. Dovbush

External links

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