Affaire des Fiches
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
The affaire des fiches de délation ("Affair of the cards of denunciation") was a political scandal in France in 1904−1905, in which it was discovered that Prime Minister Émile Combes' militantly anticlerical War Minister, General Louis André, was determining promotions based on religious behavior.
Background
Combes was Freemason,[1][2] and much of the information had been collected by the Masonic Grand Orient de France.[3]
Summary
Using members of the Freemasons to watch officers, André assembled a huge card index on public officials, detailing which were Catholic and which attended Mass, with a view of preventing their promotions.[4][lower-alpha 1]
According to Piers Paul Read, "The information, as it came in, was entered on cards or fiches. These would be marked either Corinth or Carthage—the Corinthians being the sheep who should be promoted and the Carthaginians, the goats who should be held back. An officer reported to be 'perfect in all respects; excellent opinions,' would be marked as a Corinthian: another who, 'though a good officer, well reported on, takes no part in politics,' would nonetheless be designated a Carthaginian because he, 'went to Mass with his family,' and sent his six children to Catholic schools. A bachelor officer who went to Mass was by definition of a reactionary disposition. Officers loyal to the republican ideals were encouraged to report the opinions voiced by their colleagues in the mess."[5]
In 1904, Jean Bidegain, the Assistant Secretary of Grand Orient de France, secretly sold a selection of the Fiches to Gabriel Syveton of the Ligue de la Patrie Francaise for 40,000 francs. The resulting scandal led directly to the resignation of Prime Minister Combes.[6]
See also
Notes
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
Cite error: Invalid <references> tag; parameter "group" is allowed only.
<references />, or <references group="..." /><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
Cite error: Invalid <references> tag; parameter "group" is allowed only.
<references />, or <references group="..." />References
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. quotes:
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Further reading
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
| Grand Masters |
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- ↑ Burke 1979, p. 304.
- ↑ McKeown 2011 quotes Williams 2005, p. 568
- ↑ Smith 2003, p. 18.
- ↑ Franklin 2006, p. 9 (footnote 26) cites Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Piers Paul Read, The Dreyfus Affair: The Scandal that Tore France in Two, Bloomsbury Press, 2012. page 339.
- ↑ Read (2012), pages 339-340.
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found, or a closing </ref> is missing
.jpg){kind=link}