Abbreviated Injury Scale
The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is an anatomical-based coding system created by the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine to classify and describe the severity of injuries.[1][2][3] It represents the threat to life associated with the injury rather than the comprehensive assessment of the severity of the injury.[4] AIS is one of the most common anatomic scales for traumatic injuries.[5] The first version of the scale was published in 1969[6] with major updates in 1976, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1998, 2005, and 2008.[7]
Scale
The score describes three aspects of the injury using 7 numbers written as 12(34)(56).7[4]
- Type
- Location
- Severity
Each number signifies
- 1- body region
- 2- type of anatomical structure
- 3,4- specific anatomical structure
- 5,6- level
- 7- Severity of score
| AIS Code | Region |
|---|---|
| 1 | Head |
| 2 | Face |
| 3 | Neck |
| 4 | Thorax |
| 5 | Abdomen |
| 6 | Spine |
| 7 | Upper Extremity |
| 8 | Lower Extremity |
| 9 | Unspecified |
| AIS Code | Region |
|---|---|
| 1 | Whole Area |
| 2 | Vessels |
| 3 | Nerves |
| 4 | Organs (inc. muscles/ligaments) |
| 5 | Skeletal (inc. joints) |
| 6 | Loss of Consciousness (head only) |
| Whole Area | |
|---|---|
| AIS Code | Region |
| 02 | Skin Abrasion |
| 04 | Contusion |
| 06 | Laceration |
| 08 | Avulsion |
| 10 | Amputation |
| 20 | Burn |
| 30 | Crush |
| 40 | Degloving |
| 50 | Injury - NFS |
| 60 | Penetrating |
| Head - Loss of Consciousness (LOC) | |
| 02 | Length of loss of consciousness |
| 04-08 | Level of consciousness |
| 10 | Concussion |
| Spine | |
| 02 | Cervical |
| 04 | Thoracic |
| 06 | Lumbar |
| Vessels, Nerves, Organs, Bones, Joints | |
| 02 | Vessels |
| 04 | Nerves |
| 06 | Organs |
| 08 | Bones |
| 10 | Joints |
| Specific Injuries are assigned consecutive two-digit numbers beginning with 02
Fractures, rupture, laceration, etc. |
|---|
Severity
Abbreviated Injury Score-Code is on a scale of one to six, one being a minor injury and six being maximal (currently untreatable).[1] An AIS-Code of 6 is not the arbitrary code for a deceased patient or fatal injury, but the code for injuries specifically assigned an AIS 6 severity.[1] An AIS-Code of 9 is used to describe injuries for which not enough information is available for more detailed coding, e.g. crush injury to the head.
The AIS scale is a measurement tool for single injuries. A universally accepted injury aggregation function has not yet been proposed, though the injury severity score and its derivatives are better aggregators for use in clinical settings.[1][5] In other settings such as automotive design and occupant protection, MAIS is a useful tool for the comparison of specific injuries and their relative severity and the changes in those frequencies that may result from evolving motor vehicle design.[1]
| AIS-Code | Injury | Example | AIS % prob. of death |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Minor | superficial laceration | 0 |
| 2 | Moderate | fractured sternum | 1 – 2 |
| 3 | Serious | open fracture of humerus | 8 – 10 |
| 4 | Severe | perforated trachea | 5 – 50 |
| 5 | Critical | ruptured liver with tissue loss | 5 - 50 |
| 6 | Maximum | total severance of aorta | 100 |
| 9 | Not further specified (NFS) |
See also
External links
References
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- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Thomas A. Gennarelli, Elaine Wodzin (Hrsg.): The Abbreviated Injury Scale 2005. Update 2008. American Association for Automotive Medicine (AAAM), Des Plaines, IL 2008.
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- ↑ John D. States: The Abbreviated and the Comprehensive Research Injury Scales. In: STAPP Car Crash Journal. 13, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York 1969, ISSN 1532-8546, S. 282–294, LCCN 67-22372.
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